In 1890, about the time Idaho attained her statehood, there came to Boise a young woman who had spent her girlhood years in California, the state of her birth. Miss Edwards was on her way to New York City to pursue her art studies and stopped enroute to visit Idaho friends. Becoming interested and finding many opportunities in this new country, Miss Edwards prolonged her stay, and after her sojourn in the eastern metropolis, returned here to make her home.

Then, as now, the women of Idaho were actively interested on all that pertained to the good of their commonwealth. In new lands, where life has been rugged and homes few, there is developed a high degree of chivalry and courtesy in the attitude of men toward the women who have shared the hardships and who have bravely and cheerily lent their aid to bringing from chaotic conditions the law and order necessary for material, civic and home advancement. It was not, therefore, necessary for Idaho women to assert their right to influence state affairs, but their assistance in public matters was solicited. Later, when the state of Idaho declared that within her borders there should be equal suffrage; this action resulted not so much from the efforts of the women, but from the earnest prompting and co-operation of the leading men of that period.

During the legislative session following statehood, Miss Edwards, with her friends, was often in attendance, and with her she had her book and pencil. For her own pleasure she sketched the men who were shaping the policies of the new state, and in this way her artistic ability became known. The seal of the territory had not been specially designed for Idaho and was, therefore, not wholly appropriate. One of its most conspicuous features was a plow, although, in fact, for many years in Idaho scarcely a furrow was turned, mining being the dominant industry. With the newly acquired state dignity, there was need of an escutcheon that would truly symbolize what Idaho had been, was then and, in future years, would be. A committee composed of members of the senate and House of Representatives asked Miss Edwards, among others, to submit a sketch suitable for a seal of the state, and of the several drawings submitted hers was chosen. Emma Edwards Green tells how the state seal, probably the only one in the United States designed by a woman, grew in her heart and under her hand: "I said to myself that the seal must represent the principal things of the state, must suggest our hopes for the future, and must depict not only the material side of our growth, but also the ethical. Many times during my girlhood years my father, who was a deep thinker and looked beyond the present, said to me: 'Women are going to do great things; women will be given power. Daughter, prepare yourself for coming responsibilities.'

"So I determined that in my seal there should be a woman as well as a man. In stature she should be almost, but not quite the equal of the man, so that she might still look up to him; she should be of heroic build, strong of arm and deep of chest, physically fit to be the mother of a conquering race; her body, unhampered by her garb, should carry forth the thought that her mental grasp and vision should likewise not be limited by false precedents and conventions; she should stand near the man, the two linked by the shield on which was pictured the state, their common interest, but her gaze should not be directed toward him; rather both should look outward, forward, perceiving the limitless possibilities of future years. By these thoughts was my pencil guided.

"At her feet I placed the syringa, the state flower. The syringa grows wild in our Idaho Mountains, where its roots bravely cling to the rocks and jutting crags, and its pure, waxen blossoms are gently swayed by the breeze and kissed by the sun. It loves the clear air and the sunlight and will work to win them. Back of our mountain cabin a syringa is growing among a clump of trees that overshadowed it. Steadily it climbed, becoming vine like in its growth, until it had forced its way beyond the shadows and had over and around it the unobstructed blue of the heavens. So I placed the syringa at the feet of my 'Lady of the Seal,' as the flower both of our state and of our womanhood. In her right hand is the spear which bears aloft the cap of Liberty, and in her left, the scales of Justice. Near her, growing shoulder high is the golden wheat which shall nourish the coming generations.

"The man typifies the courage, the strength, and the keen, clear judgment which have wrested our beautiful state from the roving savage and from the barrenness imposed by Nature, and which have unbarred the gates guarding her mighty resources. He is shown as a miner in honor of those sturdy pioneers through whose instrumentality Idaho took her first steps in development. With pick on shoulder and shovel in hand, he stands near the ledge of ore, from whose counterparts such enormous wealth has been and is still being freed.

"On the shield is a range of mountains and flowing from it a stream, which is a tribute to the Snake River and its many branches whose waters make possible Idaho's dream of fruition. On the left, in the foreground, is the husbandman, and behind him, on the mountain slope, the quartz mill which has released from their rocky bands the precious products of the hills. To the right and on the opposite side of the stream is the pine tree, figuring the great timber resources of the state. Behind all is the rising sun heralding with the splendor of early dawn Idaho's long day of prosperity and progress.

"Below the shield is sheaves of grain and on either side of it are the horns of plenty overflowing with fruit, all foretelling the reign of agriculture and horticulture which, even in those days, we knew must come to Idaho. Above the shield, in recognition of the wild game with which Nature had so lavishly supplied our mountains, forests and streams, I placed the head of an elk, against the extinction of which our lawmakers had guarded by protective laws.

"On the outer margin is the inscription stating that this is the Great Seal of the State, and near the lower edge is the star of Idaho, which had so recently been added to the national galaxy. Above the figures is a scroll bearing the words 'Esto Perpetua,' which breathe the prayer that the bounty and blessings of this land may forever benefit its people."

Emma Edwards Green is the daughter of Hon. John Cummins Green, of Kentucky, who was a man of marked intellectuality. He was governor of Missouri and was prominent in other positions of influence. She is now the wife of J. G. Green, of Boise, in which city they reside.

During the war in the Philippines, the Idaho troops carried, as one of their regimental flags, a banner presented by the women of the state, on which was embroidered, in beautifully colored silks, the Great Seal or Coat of Arms of the state. The work was executed by skilled women in Chicago and is a marvel of needle art. To the courtesy and kindness of Mrs. J. B. Lyon, of Chicago, mother of Mrs. Calvin Cobb, of Boise, is the state indebted for this exquisitely wrought banner, for Mrs. Lyon not only placed it in the hands of competent artisans, but watched its progress day by day until it was satisfactorily completed. The material used in this ensign is military blue silk, which was purchased at the suggestion of Colonel Charles H. Irvin, of Boise. This flag is now kept in the capitol building.

A matter which was the cause of much legislation and produced strong factions in the territory and state was the test oath which directly affected the Mormons or Latter Day Saints. Many years ago adherents of this religious sect settled at Salt Lake, Utah, and from that, as a center, colonies were established in other parts of the country, including Idaho. At that time the Church of the Latter Day Saints advocated, as one of its tenets, the practice of polygamy and many of the members had plural wives. Several laws, aimed at the abolishment of polygamy within the United States, were passed by congress, and it was in line with and supplemental to this federal legislation that the following measures were enacted by the territory and state of Idaho.

The Idaho test oath was first enacted by the thirteenth session of the territorial legislature. It was in reality, though not in name, directed against the members of the Mormon Church. Prior to that time congress had legislated against the crime of unlawful cohabitation and the courts had decided that the polygamous relations of leading members of the Mormon church were within the provisions of this statute. Congress had also provided by legislation that any person, violating the anti-polygamy laws, which included unlawful cohabitation, should not vote at any election where a member of congress or a territorial delegate to congress was being chosen.

The Idaho statute first prescribed a test oath, in addition to the usual qualifications generally exacted in other states and territories, which contained the following clause, and which each voter was required to take before depositing his ballot: "That you are not a bigamist or polygamist; that you are not a member of any order, organization, or association which teaches, advises, counsels, or encourages its members, devotees, or any other persons to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crimes denned by law, as a duty arising and resulting from any such order, organization, or association, or which practices bigamy, or polygamy, or plural or celestial marriage, as a doctrinal rite of such organization. That you do not, either publicly or privately, or in any manner whatever, teach, advise, counsel, or encourage any person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime denned by law, either as a religious duty or otherwise." This measure was approved February 3, 1885.

This statute remained in force until the following session of the legislature, when a registration act was passed and all persons, before registering, were required to take an oath which contained the following provisions: "And I do further swear that I am not a bigamist or polygamist; that I am not a member of any order, organization or association which teaches, advises, counsels or encourages its members, devotees, or any other person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime denned by law, as a duty arising or resulting from membership in such order, organization or association, or which practices bigamy or polygamy, or plural or celestial marriage, as a doctrinal rite of such organization; that I do not and will not publicly or privately, or in any manner whatever, teach, advise, counsel, or encourage any person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime defined by law, either as a religious duty or otherwise."

In 1889, the fifteenth session of the territorial legislature passed an act which, in effect, disqualified all the members of the Mormon church, who were members of that organization at any time after the first day of January, A. D. 1888, unless they first made application to the district court and took and subscribed to the following oath and declare of intention, to-wit:
"I do solemnly swear that I have, in good faith, withdrawn from and severed my connection with any order, organization, or association that teaches, advises, counsels, or encourages its members or devotees, or any other person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy, or any other crime defined by law, or to enter into what is known as plural or celestial marriage; that I am not a bigamist or polygamist, nor do I teach, counsel, advise or encourage any person to belong to any order, organization, or association that teaches any person to become a bigamist or polygamist, commit any other crime defined by law, either as a rite or ceremony, or to enter into what is known as plural or celestial marriage; and it is my intention not to become a member of any order, organization, or association, and that I will not aid. support, or assist in supporting, or encourage in any manner, any order, organization or association that teaches the offenses herein named, and that I will obey all the laws of the United States and of this territory forbidding the offenses herein named, so help me God."

This statute further provided that any time after two years from the date of making the oath of declaration, an applicant might appear before the district court, with two legal voters as witnesses, who had never been members of such an organization, and be examined by the court. concerning the application, and if it appeared to the satisfaction of the court that the applicant did two years prior take said oath, and that he had not since been a member of any such order, and had not aided, supported or assisted in supporting any such order, and that he had not committed, advocated or encouraged any of the offenses referred to, and had in good faith taken and observed his said oath, the court was authorized to make an order admitting the applicant to the privileges of registration and voting, if otherwise qualified.

The next legislation upon this subject is found in the state constitution, which was adopted in 1890. This instrument prescribed the usual qualifications generally appearing in state constitutions and statutes, and further disqualified any person "who is a bigamist or polygamist, or is living in what is known as patriarchal, plural, or celestial marriage, or in violation of any law of this state, or of the United States, forbidding any such crime, or who in any manner teaches, advises, counsels, aids or encourages any person to enter into bigamy,, polygamy, or such patriarchal, plural, or celestial marriage., or to live in violation of any such law, or to commit any such crime, or who is a member of or contributes to the support, aid, or encouragement of any order, organization, association, corporation or society which teaches, advises, counsels, encourages or aids any person to enter into bigamy, polygamy, or such patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or which teaches or advises that the laws of this state, prescribing the rules of civil conduct, are not the supreme law of the state."

The constitution further provided, in section four, article six, that: "The legislature may prescribe qualifications, limitations and conditions for the right of suffrage additional to those prescribed in this article, but shall never annul any of the provisions in this article contained." No change has been made in the constitution relating to the qualification or disqualification of electors except by amendment adopted in 1896, when the suffrage was extended to include all qualified voters regardless of sex.

The first session of the state legislature provided for a registration act and an elector's oath as a prerequisite to the right of registration and voting, which measure reads in part as follows: "That since the first day of January, A. D. 1888, and since I have been eighteen years of age, I have not been a bigamist or polygamist, or have lived in what is known as patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or in violation of any law of this state or of the United States, forbidding any such crime; and I have not, during said time, taught, advised, counseled, aided or encouraged any person to enter into bigamy or polygamy, or such patriarchal, plural or celestial marriage, or to live in violation of any such law or to commit any such crime. Nor have I been a member of or contributed to the support, aid or encouragement of any order, organization, association, corporation or society which, through its recognized teachers, printed or public creed, or other doctrinal works, or in any other manner, teaches or has taught, advises or has advised, counsels, encourages or aids, or has counseled, encouraged or aided, any person to enter into bigamy, polygamy, or such patriarchal or plural marriage, or which teaches or has taught, advises or has advised that the laws of this state or of the territory of Idaho, or of the United States applicable to said territory, prescribing the rules of civil conduct, are not the supreme law."

In February, 1893, the second session of the state legislature amended the test oath by striking out all of the retroactive features of the oath previously enacted and required, so that the voter was only required to make oath that at the time of registration he was not within the inhibitions contained in the disqualification prescribed by the constitution relating to bigamists and polygamists, or a member of any organization teaching the same.

In February, 1895, the third state legislature eliminated both from the section of the statute prescribing qualifications and from the oath required as a condition of registration all of the former references in any way relating to bigamy or polygamy, or membership in any organization teaching, counseling or advising the same as a doctrinal rite.

Many lawyers questioned the power of the legislature to thus eliminate from any test requirements those disqualifications established, provided for and declared in the constitution. This legislation, however, disclosed the fact that the people of the state had taken the leaders of the Mormon Church at their word and accepted in good faith their declarations when they proclaimed the abolition of polygamy and declared against its further practice, or the solemnization of polygamous marriages.

Nearly all of the provisions of the test oath, so far as they applied directly to the bigamists and polygamists, or members of an organization teaching bigamy and polygamy as a doctrinal right, were sustained first by the territorial supreme court and afterwards by the state supreme court; while the original test oath enactment was sustained and held valid by the supreme court of the United States.

The foregoing is a brief statement of the legislation resulting from the agitation of the questions involved in the controversy with the Mormons. Necessarily, because of the nature of the subject, feeling both for and against became intense, the adherents of the one side deeming that their personal and religious rights were being interfered with; and the others, that a social and governmental principle was at stake.

During the period of the enforcement of the various national, territorial and state laws, and the re-adjustment of the proclaimed tenets of the Church of the Latter Day Saint* so as to conform to the laws of the land, much bitterness was engendered, and for some years many of the church leaders were virtually in exile. The people were sharply divided into Mormon and Anti-Mormon sympathizers, and the schism thus created has, for many years, been an important factor in Idaho politics.

The darkest chapter of Idaho history culminated on December 30, 1905, when Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho, was foully murdered by Harry Orchard. Perhaps nothing since the Phoenix Park atrocities in Ireland caused anything like the wave of horror and indignation that swept over the United States, and indeed, over the civilized world, following the tragedy in the little town of Caldwell, in the southern part of the state.

Essentially a man of the people, quiet, unassuming, but fearless in the execution of his duty as he saw it, Frank Steunenberg was one of the best loved and most highly respected men in the state. It is said of him that he never owned a dress suit and never wore a necktie. He was a man of singleness of purpose and high ideals, and from the day he became the state's executive until the day of his death he obeyed every impulse of a generous mind coupled with a stern sense of his responsibility to the people who had placed him in the high position he occupied.

Idaho's first martyr was born in Keokuk, Iowa, on August 8, 1861. He was the fourth of a family of ten children, all of whom survived him. His parents came from Holland —good, honest, reliable Dutch stock. When a mere child the family moved to Knoxville and here among nature's environments he grew to early manhood. At the age of sixteen young Steunenberg left the farm and the public schools and served an apprenticeship of four years as a printer, later becoming an expert compositor on the Des Moines Register.

But the printing trade only whetted the young man's thirst for knowledge and he decided to take a course at the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames. After leaving college he became the manager and publisher of the Knoxville Express, remaining in this position until 1886, when he came to Idaho and with his brother, A. K., became the owner and publisher of the Caldwell Tribune. Three years later he was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention, and his broad grasp of public affairs, his thorough knowledge of the needs of the state, and his natural aptitude for business details, made him a most valuable member. In the legislature, to which he was elected in 1890, these same qualifications again stood him in good stead.

His election to the highest office in the gift of the people of Idaho came in 1896, at a time when conditions were anything but propitious for a successful administration. Almost a panic was upon the country, business houses were toppling, taxes were a frightful drain and largely delinquent, and depression in business lines was general throughout the country. Under these conditions an executive of unusual force of character and ability was required and a tremendous majority at the election in that year sent Frank Steunenberg to the seat of executive authority.

The two years of his service were marked by the passage of measures upon the governor's recommendation that tended largely to the amelioration of the burdens of the people and when the time came for the selection of his successor the people would have no one else, and so in January of 1899 he began his second term, a term that was to contain the events that culminated nearly six years later in a tragedy that moved the civilized world to its foundation.

The Coeur d’Alene Riots
In the northern part of the state, in the district known as the Coeur d’Alene’s, lies perhaps the richest mining district in the world. Thousands of employees were working in the mines and for years the section had been a hot-bed of labor agitation. Some years before a difficulty had arisen between these miners and their employers which had culminated in the destruction by giant powder of the great' Frisco mine and mill. From that time until the date of our story, discontent and paid agitation had been carefully fostered and the worst passions of the men catered to by the agents of anarchy.

A prominent Idaho citizen, referring in an address to the Coeur d’Alene’s at this period, said: "For seven long years the history of that fabulously rich mining section was a history of crime, unpunished and unchecked. At regular intervals the state was shocked by some outrageous murder or destruction of property. Citizens were taken from their beds by masked men and foully murdered or driven from the country, whose only offenses were that they had dared to criticize the methods of these criminal organizations. At one time, forty masked men took a man who had testified against these organizations and murdered him in cold blood in broad daylight. The same band took two other citizens, marched them out of town and warned them that if they returned they would be killed."

On April 24, 1899, the members of the Miners' Union of Wardner marched to the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Mine, one of the largest enterprises in that section, with the demand that all underground men be paid $3.50 a day and coupling the request with the further provision that the authority of the union be recognized. In answer to the demand, Superintendent Burch replied that he was authorized to state that the miners should receive the old scale of wages, ranging from $3 to $3.50, but that under no circumstances would the union be recognized. He added the statement that union men would find their time at the office, and that their services would be dispensed with. The next day the Empire State Company, and the Idaho Mining and Development Company received similar demands from the miners and the management in reply closed down, the tunnel and mill were locked as soon as the day shift came out and the workings were close indefinitely. For two days things remained comparatively quiet, although there was an undercurrent of intense feeling all through the section affected. An appeal was made to Governor Steunenberg and he recommended that the dispute be referred to the state board of arbitration.

It was reported in the press that the management of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan properties would depend on federal aid, relying on an injunction that had issued out of the United States Court under Judge Beatty in 1892, which forever restrained the members of the Wardner Union from entering upon the property or interfering with the operations of the company, and further stipulating that, if necessary, United States troops might be called upon to enforce the order. On April 29, the reign of terror and lawlessness culminated. On that day a crowd of miners, variously estimated at from eight hundred to one thousand men, forcibly captured a Northern Pacific train at Burke, near the head of Canyon creek, and ran it into Wardner. Many of the men were masked and armed with Winchesters and revolvers. A large quantity of dynamite had been placed aboard the train at Burke and on arrival at Wardner the explosive was carefully unloaded and the march to the mill began.

Pickets were out, and it had been arranged that a single shot was to indicate that the way was clear. When the shot came, the signal was misunderstood, those in the rear thinking that resistance was being encountered. A fusillade of shots followed and one man was instantly killed and another injured, afterwards dying from the effects of the wound. The shooting was unnecessary as the mill was deserted, the rumor of the projected attack having reached the management and instructions given to the loyal men on hand not to risk their lives in defense of the property.

Reaching the mill, the dynamite was placed in position and the property blown up, being totally destroyed. Within three hours from the capture of the train the men were through with their work of destruction and had boarded the train for the return trip. The next day most of them returned to their work. They had taken control of the railroad and had cut the telegraph and telephone wires.

By a roundabout way news of the riot was sent out and the governor was appealed to for aid, and the same evening Steunenberg sent an appeal to President McKinley asking for troops, with the result that on the first day of May Captain Batcheler with Company M of the First Infantry, numbering seventy-five men, arrived in Wardner, and a force of one hundred citizens were sworn in and armed to assist in the restoration of law and order. The governor also sent Bartlett Sinclair, the state auditor, to the scene as his personal representative to investigate conditions and make a report to him.

On May 3, 1899, martial law was declared in the Coeur d’Alene’s. In his proclamation Governor Steunenberg stated that the destruction of the mill and property of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Company was only one of a series of lawless acts that had been perpetrated during the previous six years and for which no punishment had been meted out.

The coroner's inquest upon the bodies of the two men killed in the riot began the same day and the number of troops at the scene had reached in the neighborhood of six hundred, with General Merriam in command. Many arrests were made by the officers of men supposed to have been connected with the blowing up of the mill, the charges ranging from arson to murder. Among those arrested were the sheriff of the county and two members of the board of county commissioners. The sheriff was charged with dereliction of duty, and it was claimed that all three officials knew of the raid to be made.

The disposition of the prisoners, at one time numbering over a thousand, became a serious problem at this time. At first they were confined in a barn, but later it became necessary to erect a stockade and the crowded condition of this prison and the necessarily poor sanitation at first caused much bitter complaint. The stockade was termed the "bull pen" by the miners. As the inquiry determined the innocence of the prisoners they were released and buildings were erected for the accommodation of those remaining in custody, so that conditions soon became better. On May 7, General Merriam, in command of the troops, and Attorney-General Hays issued an order declaring that no mine, operating during the continuance of martial law, should employ any union men, and also ruled that no miner should be employed who had not secured a permit from a duly appointed officer, testifying to the fact that he was not a union man, further stipulating that these permits should be filed by the company employing and should be inspected at intervals by the officer in charge. General Merriam claimed that this step was necessary to rid the country of the lawless element and that the aim was not at the union, as such, and except as that organization fostered and encouraged lawlessness. The permit system was very unpopular with the men and there were but few applications.

A special term of court was convened May 29, Attorney-General Hays conducting the prosecutions for the state. The Western Federation of Miners undertook the defense of the accused and secured the services of Colonel Patrick Reddy of San Francisco and Frederick G. Robertson of Spokane. Many indictments were returned on June 16, with promise of more to follow. The first case tried was that of a miner named Corcoran, and resulted on June 27th in a verdict of murder in the second degree.

During all this time Governor Steunenberg acted with vigor and determination to stamp out the lawlessness and reign of terror in the mining section of the north. Neither the abuse and vituperation that were showered upon him, nor the dozens of anonymous threatening letters that reached him caused him to deviate a hair's breadth from the course that he had laid down and which he conceived to be his duty.

In the hour of this nerve-racking service to the state, when all good law-abiding people were trying to uphold his hands, the governor was the recipient of a storm of abuse and slanderous detraction. Anonymous letters threatening his life still came to hand in almost every mail. He was called the tool of corporate wealth, a tyrant and a traitor and the foe of human liberty. Every act of his for the re-establishment of the dignity of the law and the safety of the people was misconstrued and arraigned, but through it all he calmly proceeded upon his way, until the power of the state to protect its citizens was at length fully established and at least outwardly peace was restored and the greatest industry of the Coeur d’Alene once more resumed the even tenor of its way.

The Assassination
But the enemies that Governor Steunenberg made at this time in re-establishing peace and security and the safety of property were implacable. The lapse of time made no difference, the brilliant services of the man to his state changed nothing, and on a cold crisp December evening, in 1905, the blow fell like a bolt from the blue.

On Saturday evening, December 30, 1905, a bomb was exploded at the gate of his home in Caldwell, just as he was entering, which resulted in the death of the victim within twenty-five minutes.

The bomb had been placed at the gate in such a way that when the gate was opened it would explode, being fastened there with a string. With the morning light the mighty force of the explosion was disclosed. Pieces of iron, brass, copper and gun-wadding paper, rags, etc., were blown for many yards in every direction. Iron scraps of the bomb were found deeply imbedded in the trunks of trees, in the fence boards and in the sides of the house.

At nine o'clock on the night of the tragedy a special train arrived from Boise, the capital of the state, bearing the governor and officials and prominent men from the capital. A cordon was thrown around the town and the sheriff appointed dozens of deputies to examine every person whose business was not known.

At a council of prominent citizens held the following day, the preliminary details of a campaign to hunt down the murderer were decided upon. The work was placed in the hands of Sheriff T. Nichols of Canyon County. Sheriff D. H. Moseley of Ada County and Daniel Campbell of Caldwell. These men were assisted by over one hundred deputies, most of whom volunteered their services. The vigilance of the cordon of men surrounding the town was not relaxed, and every person not known was compelled to give a satisfactory account of himself.

Governor Gooding, on behalf of the state, offered a reward of $5,000 for the apprehension of the murderer and Shoshone County, Canyon County and other sources quickly increased the total reward offered to over $25,000.

It became known that while in Washington as recently as a year and a half previously the victim had received an anonymous letter stating that his "time was short." These letters were always regarded by the governor in the light of cowardly threats and he at no time expressed any fear that they would be carried out.

During the days that followed, several suspects were examined and held for a time, but the strongest suspicions centered around a man who called himself Thomas Hogan. This man had registered at the Saratoga hotel, the principal hostelry in Caldwell, on December 15th, and had given his residence as Denver. His room, No. 19, was searched and an examination of his suit case disclosed the fact that it contained a white powder of a high explosive nature, other explosive materials and suspicious articles. The man was well dressed and seemed to be plentifully supplied with money.

Hogan was arrested and taken to the law office of Judge Frank J. Smith, where he was examined. Sheriff Harvey K. Brown of Baker County, Oregon, identified Hogan as having been employed at the mines in the Cracker Creek district of eastern Oregon, where he was an officer in the Bourne Miners' Union. It will be remembered that later Brown was killed in a manner almost identical to the assassination of Steunenberg.

On January first Captain W. S. Swain, of Thiel's Detective Agency in Spokane, was placed in entire charge of the investigations, and on the next day he gave out a statement to the press saying that he was in possession of conclusive evidence that the fatal bomb had been manufactured in Room 19 of the Saratoga hotel (the room occupied by Hogan) and that the details of the murder were probably formulated there.

Julian Steunenberg, a son of the murdered man, identified Hogan as a man who had questioned him several times as to the whereabouts of his father, claiming that he wanted to see him on a business matter. John C. Rice also identified him as having frequently been seen in the vicinity of the Steunenberg home.

The next day Hogan was arraigned before Probate Judge Church of Canyon County and was held for trial. A trunk was found at the depot belonging to Hogan and when opened was found to contain various articles of an incriminating nature. Hogan was taken to the county jail and was there identified by Sheriff Bell, of Teller County, Colorado, as the man who blew up the depot at Independence, where fourteen men were killed and seven maimed for life. Hogan admitted to Captain Swain that his real name was Harry Orchard, and on the 18th of January Orchard was removed to the state penitentiary at Boise for safe keeping.

The Pinkerton Detective Agency was called in and cooperated with the Thiel people, with Detective James McParland of the former service in charge.

Federation Officials Involved
On evidence furnished by McParland, Owen M. Van Duyn, prosecuting attorney of Canyon County, charged the officers of the Western Federation of Miners with complicity in the murder of Steunenberg. Upon these charges Charles H. Moyer, president; William D. Haywood, secretary and treasurer; and George A. Pettibone, a member of the executive committee, were placed under arrest at Denver, on extradition warrants issued by Governor McDonald of Colorado. At the same time Vincent St. John, president of the Burke Miners' Union, was placed under arrest at Burke on a similar charge, and also a man named Steve Adams, who afterwards confessed that he was a member of the Federation "inner circle," and told of the part he played in the doings of the Federation.

On March 7th the grand jury returned true bills of indictment against Moyer, Haywood, Pettibone and a man named Simpkins. The charge against St. John was withdrawn by the state of Idaho and he was released, being immediately rearrested on extradition warrant and turned over to officers from Colorado, where he was wanted on a charge of murder.

After a mass of legal technicalities had been thrashed out and settled, and the cases had been transferred to Ada county court before Judge Fremont Wood on change of venue, the case of William D. Haywood came up for trial on May 9th, the prisoners having elected to be tried separately. Newspaper men came from all over the country to report the case, the corps including three representatives of the Associated Press, including the superintendent, R. J. Kennedy; and reporters for the Denver Post, Hearst's papers, New York World, Denver Republican, Portland Journal, New York Times, Publisher's Press, Scripps McRae, New York Sun, Chicago Record Herald, Brooklyn Eagle, and many others.

The attorneys for the state were James H. Hawley, afterwards governor; W. E. Borah, afterwards United States senator; W. A. Stone of Caldwell and Owen M. Van Duyn, county prosecutor of Canyon County. For the defense were E. F. Richardson, Clarence S. Darrow, Edgar Wilson, John F. Nugent, John M. Murphy and Fred Miller. In his opening address to the jury J. H. Hawley outlined to the jury what the prosecution expected to prove, viz.: "That the Western Federation of Miners is an organization directing labor affairs pertaining to mining and controlling subordinate unions;

"That a few of the officers of the Federation, among whom are Haywood and his codefendants, formed an 'inner circle,' which had for its object the breaking down of all opposition to it and its mandates, resorting to criminal methods to obtain its ends.
"That a great list of crimes could be charged to this 'inner circle,' including the murder of Arthur Collins, Lyte Gregory, blowing up of the Vindicator mine, blowing up of the Independence depot, and attempts to assassinate Governor Peabody of Colorado.

"That the killing of Steunenberg was one link in this chain of crime.
"That Orchard and Adams were the hired assassins of this 'inner circle' and worked under orders from its members and were furnished money by them."

On June 5th, Harry Orchard was placed upon the stand as a witness for the state. He stated that his true name was Albert E. Horseley. He was born in Northumberland County in 1866. He said he joined the Burke Miners' Union in the spring of 1899, and he confessed that he lighted one of the fuses that blew up the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mine on April 29, 1899.

Orchard said he had been a member of the Western Federation of miners from his first employment as a miner in the Coeur d’Alene’s. He made a full and complete confession, not only of the killing of Governor Steunenberg, but also of numerous other crimes and attempts to murder. He said he was present at the meeting of the Union in Wardner when arrangements were made to blow up the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mine and hang its superintendent.

Orchard testified that he had worked under the instructions of Haywood and Moyer, and that Haywood paid him $300 for blowing up the Vindicator mine. He connected Moyer, Pettibone and Haywood with a number of his crimes and confessed to participating himself in the following list of outrages:
—Unsuccessful attempt to blow up a gang of non-union men at the Vindicator mine in the Cripple Creek district in 1903, for which he claimed he was to have been paid $200.

—Helped to place bomb under shaft in Vindicator mine, which exploded and killed Charles McCormick, mine superintendent, and Mel Beck, shift boss, and for which he claimed that he was paid $300 by Haywood.

—Shot Lyte Gregory, a detective of the Mine Owners' Association in Denver.

—Pulled the wire which exploded the powder mine under the depot at Independence, Colorado, which resulted in the death of fourteen men and the maiming for life of seven others.

—Tried for three weeks to assassinate Governor Peabody of Colorado.

—Went to San Francisco to kill Fred C. Bradey, president of the Bunker Hill and Sullivan Company, which was not successful, although Bradey was injured.

—Placed a bomb with intent to kill Judge Gabbert, but the explosion instead killed a man named Walley.

—And murdered ex-Governor Frank Steunenberg in Caldwell, Idaho.

Cross-examination failed to shake Orchard's story to any extent and witnesses were put upon the stand to corroborate his story. The lawyers for the defense fought the case out at every point and on July 27th the case went to the jury.

On Sunday morning, July 28th, after being out for twenty-one hours, the jury brought in a verdict of not guilty.

Early in December, 1907, George A. Pettibone was brought to trial for complicity in the Steunenberg murder and on January 5, 1908, after the jury had been out fourteen hours, a verdict of acquittal was rendered and Pettibone went forth a free man, and the state shortly afterwards announced that it had decided to drop the prosecution of Moyer, the last of the Western Federation official triumvirate indicted.

That the people of the state were greatly disappointed in the decision of the jury there was little doubt, for many severe arguments were made by the press, both local and foreign, when the news of an acquittal was flashed across the country. But such was the verdict and gradually the people of Idaho became reconciled to the fact, so far as public expression would indicate; but still there remained a deeper feeling that of the really criminal element involved, only the lesser one was held and those who were at the bottom of the official deeds herein mentioned escaped the arm of justice.

Orchard Sentenced
In March, 1908, Harry Orchard was brought before the court to answer for his crime. At his first arraignment a plea of not guilty had been entered on his behalf, after he had refused to plead. Judge Fremont Wood sat upon the bench in the Canyon county court room at Caldwell, and when asked what plea he would make, Orchard, with perfect calmness and without a trace of emotion upon his face, said: "My plea will be guilty, your honor," and the judge fixed Wednesday morning, March 8th, as the date for pronouncing judgment.

On that date the court room was packed with interested spectators to see the final stage in a drama that had held the interest of the civilized world. The judge read a statement of opinion of the court and then sentenced Orchard to death by hanging in the state penitentiary at Boise.  Orchard absolutely refused to make any application to the pardon board of the state for either commutation of the sentence or pardon, and against his wishes Frank T. Wyman, his counsel, filed with the state board an application for pardon. On May 15th, Governor Gooding granted a reprieve, fixing the new date for Orchard's execution for July 2nd, on which date the state pardon board was scheduled to hold its meeting.

The self-confessed assassin had in the meantime professed religion and was baptized at the state penitentiary by Elder Steward of the Seventh Day Adventists church.

Upon the convening of the state board of pardons, the Orchard case was the first taken up, and resulted in the commutation of the sentence to imprisonment for life.

Orchard is still an inmate of the Boise penitentiary and is reported as a model prisoner, with strong religious convictions. A half-hearted effort was made in 1913 to procure a full pardon for him but the suggestion raised such a storm of protest that the effort was abandoned, although the legal notice necessary was published in a Caldwell paper.

Thus ended a series of legal proceedings that cost the state of Idaho hundreds of thousands of dollars and netted no convictions except that of the self-confessed assassin, Orchard. The man Simpkins, indicted with Moyer, Haywood and Pettibone, disappeared and has never been found, Adams was acquitted in North Idaho after he had first confessed to complicity in the Steunenberg murder and afterwards repudiated his confession; and the state, despairing of securing a conviction after the release of Haywood and Pettibone, dismissed the indictment against Moyer.

Public Eulogy
Shortly after the tragic death of Frank Steunenberg, the Idaho state legislature met in joint services to honor the man whose devotion to the state and to his ideals of public duty became his death warrant.

The principal address was made by Hon. Frank Martin of Boise, who said, in part:
"'Frank Steunenberg a tyrant and the enemy of labor!' Why, humanity filled his whole being, and he was born to toil. A member of organized labor from his youth, every honest effort for its advancement had his encouragement and protection. He fully believed that labor organizations, upon a proper basis, ennobled mankind, strengthened patriotism, increased the intelligence and elevated the character of its members. But he could never consent that the noble name of union labor should be used as a shield to protect lawlessness, and its mantle to cover the hideous form of crime.

"Content in the society of his family and friends, with boundless faith in Idaho, her people and her destiny, with no cares of state and the honest regard of all, no cloud appeared upon the horizon of the future, as he went forward with joyful heart to greet its coming. At eventide, on the threshold of his home, with loving greetings on his lips for his wife and children, that awful tragedy, planned by demon minds, sent his spirit—the soul of a just man made perfect—before his God.
"He sleeps in the soil of the state he served, guarded by the love of a grateful people. The moral value to the state of his life is beyond computation. What loftier ideal than his exalted service? His noble example will be an inspiration to every youth, a stimulant to quicken the pulse of patriotism, and a beacon to point the way of official duty and civic righteousness."

Memorials to Steunenberg
The year 1914 will probably see the fruition of plans now under way to erect two splendid memorials in the state of Idaho to her martyred citizen. The Steunenberg Memorial Association has been formed, having for its object the erection of a heroic statue to the late governor in the state house at Boise, and the erection of a Steunenberg fountain or other suitable memorial at Caldwell, where he died and where he had his home. The state has been organized with a vice president in every county to secure the necessary funds for this purpose and as we write the campaign is well under way, under the direction of the following executive board: W. A. Coughanour, Payette, president; M. H. Gibbons, of Caldwell, secretary; Frank Martin of Boise; William Balderston, of Boise; and Owen M. Van Duyn, of Caldwell.


In 1868 congress made an appropriation for a United States prison to be located at Boise. The building, which is now within the wall of the state penitentiary, was completed in 1872. Some additions were made during territorial days but not of a permanent nature. Some of the buildings as well as the stockade were of wood. Soon after Idaho became a state, substantial improvements were commenced.

The penitentiary is located on a tract of 520 acres of land belonging to the state and lying just east of the city of Boise. The main buildings are enclosed by a well-built wall of cur sandstone obtained from the hills adjoining the penitentiary land. All of the labor, quarrying and cutting the stone and laying the wall, was done by the inmates of the institution. The work of reconstructing the buildings within this enclosure with the same material followed the completion of the guard walls, and other structures have been added until, in its present form, the Idaho penitentiary compares favorably with similar institutions. Without the wall and near the entrance are attractive buildings which are occupied by the warden and attendants. A portion of the land belonging to the penitentiary is under cultivation, the work being performed by the prisoners.

The parole system and the indeterminate sentence are a part of the administrative policy and are found to bring good results. Stripes are not worn except in cases of insubordination. No comprehensive system of employment has been introduced, but both the indoor and outdoor work connected with the penitentiary is performed by the convicts. The law creating the State Highway Commission stipulates that the labor of state prisoners may be utilized in the construction of roads.

A library for the prison was started in 1886, at which time Honorable J. E. Curtis, territorial secretary, made a donation of fifty books. Since that time, by private contributions and by purchase, a large collection of books has been accumulated. A library fund is maintained by charging each visitor to the penitentiary a fee of twenty-five cents. The inmates of the institution have free access to these books, and leading magazines and newspapers are also supplied.
Insane Asylums

The territorial legislature which was held in 1884-5 authorized a bond issue of $20,000 for the purpose of building an asylum for the insane to be located at Blackfoot. This institution was shortly ready for the care of the mentally unfortunate. In November, 1889, the main building was destroyed by fire and some lives were lost. This fire was a heavy financial loss to the territory but steps were taken to replace the building and during the succeeding years, as population increased greater demands upon this institution, buildings, land and equipment have been added. Attached to the asylum at Blackfoot there are now over seven hundred acres of land, practically all of which is in cultivation. On this farm much of the work is done by the patients. In addition to the grains, fruits and other products grown, the herds of sheep, hogs and cattle furnish the institution with meat and dairy supplies.

On March 7, 1905, the legislature passed an act authorizing Governor Frank R. Gooding to appoint a commission, of which he was to be chairman, to select a site in one of the northern counties of the state on which to locate a hospital for the insane, which was to be known as the Northern Idaho Insane Asylum, and further providing for the erection of buildings and equipment of such an institution, making available for this purpose the sum of $30,000. This act also set aside for the use of the new asylum forty thousand acres from the omnibus grant of land donated by congress for "other state, charitable, educational, penal and reformatory institutions," and fifty thousand acres for the asylum at Blackfoot, the proceeds derived from the sale of these lands to be a permanent fund for these institutions.

The location decided upon by the commission is on the north side of the Clearwater River, about forty miles above Lewiston and on the outskirts of the town of Orofino.

In all 245 acres were secured. Dr. J. W. Givens, medical superintendent at Blackfoot, was made medical director and supervisor of the new enterprise. The land purchased was unimproved. Dr. Givens took with him from Blackfoot twenty men and five women patients, together with horses, wagons and farm implements, and tents for shelter, and began the work of clearing the land, getting it ready for buildings and planting fruit. Within a year a great transformation had been effected.

This institution now has substantial brick buildings, with modern appliances, a flourishing orchard, and many acres under cultivation. Here, as at Blackfoot, the care and treatment of the patients are along approved and scientific lines. Special attention is given to exercise, amusements, a moderate amount of work, preferably out of doors, cleanliness and neatness. Many are restored to normal condition and discharged from the institutions.

Situated on a forty acre tract of land, lying near the Boise River and in the western suburbs of Boise, are the attractive buildings of the State Soldiers' Home. The land occupied was donated to the state by the people of Ada County, and the legislature of 18991900 set aside, for the benefit of this institution, 25,000 of the 150,000 acres granted by the government to Idaho and available for such purposes, and also appropriated $25,000 for immediate use in the construction of the necessary buildings.

At the beginning of the Civil war Idaho was unknown except as an unexplored part of the territory of Washington. During the years that the war was in progress, gold was discovered at many places, a territorial organization effected and a population of many thousands acquired. Owing to this formative period, the great distance from the scenes of conflict and the slow means of travel, no troops from Idaho had a part in this war. Since then many veterans have come to Idaho and established their residence, and for these the state has provided this pleasing and well equipped home. Any honorably discharged Union soldier, sailor or marine, or any member of the State National Guard, disabled while on duty, or veterans of the Mexican war, can enjoy the privileges of this institution.

A well equipped hospital is maintained in connection with the Home. The buildings are pleasing in appearance and the grounds attractive. A portion of the tract is in cultivation, furnishing fruits and vegetables for the institution. City street car service and an interurban line afford excellent transportation facilities.

Idaho State Sanitarium
With the Industrial School at St. Anthony and the School for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb at Gooding, both founded by the state, and the Children's Home Finding and Aid Society of Boise, a charitable institution which has been assisted by the state, the children of Idaho, with the exception of those mentally deficient, were well cared for. By an act approved March 4, 1911, the legislature established the Idaho State Sanitarium for the benefit of feeble-minded and epileptic persons. The measure authorized a bond issue of $25,000 and stipulated that the location of this institution should be within twenty miles of the state capital. Nampa was chosen as the site of the sanitarium and the erection of a substantial building was begun in the outskirts of that city. Additional funds will be required before the building can be finished and the institution properly equipped for the care of these unfortunates.

At the ninth session of the legislature there was passed an act creating the Idaho State Historical Society, the measure being approved on March 12, 1907. This law was passed in response to the recognized necessity of preserving relics, documents, data and all other matter pertaining to the early history of the Northwest or "Oregon" country, with particular regard for all things relating directly to Idaho.

The Historical rooms were opened May 7, 1907, and have since been under the care and direction of Honorable John Hailey, author of the "History of Idaho." Mr. Hailey has been very diligent in collecting objects and records of historical interest, which are displayed in the historical rooms in the capitol building for the benefit of the public.

In addition to the other duties, the creative act authorized the librarian "To procure facts and statements relative to the history, progress and decay of the Indian tribes within the state." In compliance with this section the librarian secures all the available information regarding the Indians on the reservation within Idaho and these facts are included in the biennial reports submitted by him.

One of the most unique incidents in the annals of publicity methods was the "Western Governors' Special," a railway train which made a tour of the East the latter part of 1911. The purpose of this enterprise was more than mere advertising. It was an earnest and successful attempt to forge an additional link between the West and the East. Moreover, it demonstrated, by the splendid exhibits carried, that the large sum which the United States government has been appropriating for the reclamation of the arid lands of the West is money wisely spent.

This trip, the idea of which originated in Idaho, was participated in by the chief executives of the following states: Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and .Minnesota. The undertaking was made possible through the personal solicitation of Hon. James H. Brady and the courtesy of Louis W. Hill, president of the Great Northern Railway Company, which furnished the train. Each state equipped its own exhibition car, which was personally accompanied by the governor and other representatives. James H. Hawley, then governor, and other prominent people represented Idaho.

The special left St. Paul, Minnesota, on the 27th of November and was out twenty one days, the itinerary including stops at Chicago, Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, Albany, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis and many intermediate points. In several states the governor host and his staff had their own car attached and accompanied the special. Everywhere the welcome was cordial and every courtesy was shown. Opportunities were afforded the western men to visit the great manufacturing plants and other industries of the East. In Washington the party was entertained at dinner at the White House by William H. Taft, President of the United States.

Newspapers and magazines were generous in the space devoted to the western men and western products, and throngs viewed the exhibits displayed in the various cars. The turnstile on the Idaho car indicated more than ninety-two thousand visitors.

On the return and before the members of the expedition had dispersed to their several states, the "Association of Western Governors" was formed. This organization, which convenes annually, has for its purpose the bringing into closer touch the related interests of the West and the encouragement of a careful consideration of the many and vital questions which affect the western states.

Governors
William Wallace 1863-1864
Caleb Lyons 1864-1866
David W. Ballard 1866-1870
Samuel Bard (did not qualify) 1870
Gilman Marston (did not qualify) 1870
Alex. H. Connor (did not qualify) 1871
Thos. M. Bowen (remained one week) 1871
Thomas W. Bennett 1871-1875
David P. Thompson 1875-1876
Mason Brayman 1876-1878
John P. Hoyt (did not qualify) 1878
John B. Neil 1880-1883
John R. Irwin 1883-1884
William M. Bunn 1884-1885
Edward A. Stevenson (first resident) 1885-1889
George L. Shoup (second resident). 1889-1890

Secretaries
Wm. Daniels 1863-1864
C. DeWitt Smith 1864-1865 H. C. Gilson 1865-1866
S. R. Howlett 1866-1869
Edward J. Curtis 1869-1878
R. A. Sidebotham 1878-1880
Theodore F. Singiser 1880-1883
Edward L. Curtis 1883-1884
D. P. B. Pride 1884-1885
Edward J. Curtis 1885-1889

Treasurers
D. S. Kenyon 1863-1864
Ephraim Smith 1864-1867
E. C. Sterling 1867-1871
J. S. Gray 1871-1872
John Huntoon 1872-1883
Joseph Perrault 1883-1885
Charles Himrod 1885-1889

Auditors
John M. Bacon 1863
B. F. Lambkin 1863-1864
H. B. Lane 1864-1867
William R. Bishop 1867-1868
Daniel Cram 1868-1875
Joseph Perrault 1875-1881
James L. Onderdonk 1881-1885
S. W. Moody 1885-1887
J. H. Wickersham 1887-1889

United States Attorneys
G. C. Hough 1864-1866
A. Huggan 1866-1873
J. W. Huston 1873-1878
Norman Buck 1878-1880
James R. Butler 1880-1881
W. R. White 1881-1885
James H. Hawley 1885

Chief Justices
Sidney Edgerton 1863-1864
Silas Woodson 1864-1865
John R. McBride 1865-1868
Thos. J. Bowers 1868-1869
David Noggle 1869-1875
M. E. Hollister 1875-1879
William G. Thompson 1879
J. T. Morgan 1879
J. B. Hays 1885-1888
H. W. Weir 1888-1889

Associate Justices
A. C. Smith 1863
S. C. Parks 1863-1865
Milton Kelly 1865-1866
John Cummins 1866-1868
R. T. Miller 1868-1869
J. R. Lewis 1869-1870
Wm. C. Whitson 1870-1871
M. E. Hollister 1871-1875
John Clark 1875-1876
H. E. Prickett 1876-18S0
Norman Buck 1880-1884
Case Broderick 1884-1888
John Lee Logan 1888
C. H. Berry 1888-1889

Clerks Supreme Court
A. L. Downer 1864-1866
William J. Young 1866-1868
Sol Hasbrouck 1868-1869
Don L. Noggle 1869-1871
Thomas Donaldson 1871-1872
Wm. D. Hughes 1872
Edward C. Sterling 1872
A. L. Rchardson 1872
Samuel H. Hays 1886
Sol Hasbrouck 1890

Attorneys General
D. P. B. Pride 1885-1887
Richard Z. Johnson 1887-1889

Superintendents of Public Instruction
J. R. Chittendon 1864-1866
W. R. Bishop 1866-1887
Silas W. Moody 1887
Charles C. Stevenson 1889

United States Marshals
D. S. Paine 1863-1865
J. H. Alvord 1865-1869
H. W. Molten 1869-1870
Joseph Pinkham 1870-1878
E. S. Chase 1878-1882
Fred T. Dubois 1882-1886
Ezra Bear 1886

Delegates to Congress
William H. Wallace 1863
Edward D. Holbrook 1865
Edward D. Holbrook 1867
Jacob K. Shafer 1869
Samuel L. Merritt 1871
John Hailey 1873
Stephen S. Fenn 1875
Stephen S. Fenn 1877
George Ainslie 1879
George Ainslie 1881
Theodore Singiser 1883
John Hailey 1885
Fred T. Dubois 1887
Fred T. Dubois 1889

Governors
George L. Shoup (resigned) 1890
N. B. Willey 1891-1892
Wm. J. McConnell 1893-1894
Wm. J. McConnell 1895-1896
Frank Steunenberg 1897-1898
Frank Steunenberg 1898-1900
Frank W. Hunt 1901-1902
John T. Morrison 1903-1904
Frank R. Gooding 1905-1906
Frank R. Gooding 1907-1908
James H. Brady 1909-1910
James H. Hawley 1911-1912
John M. Haines 1913-1914

Lieutenant Governors
John S. Gray 1891-1892
F. B. Willis 1893-1894
Vincent Bierbower 1895-1896
F. J. Mills (resigned) 1897
Vincent Bierbower 1897-1898
Joseph H. Hutchinson 1899-1900
Thomas F. Terrell 1901-1902
James M. Stevens 1903-1904
Burpee L. Steeves 1905-1906
Ezra A. Burrell 1907-1908
Lewis H. Sweetser 1909-1910
Lewis H. Sweetser 1911-1912
Herman H. Taylor 1913-1914

Secretaries of State
A. J. Pinkham 1891-1892
J. F. Curtis 1893-1894
I. W. Garrett 1895-1896
George Lew1s 1897-1898
M. A. Patrie 1899-1900
Charles J. Bassett 1901-1902
Will H. Gibson 1903-1904
Will H. Gibson 1905-1906
Robert Lansdon 1907-1908
Robert Lansdon 1909-1910
Wilfred L. Gifford 1911-1912
Wilfred L. Gifford 1913-1914

Treasurers
Frank R. Coffin 1891-1892
W. C. Hill 1893-1894
Charles Bunley 1895-1896
George H. Storer 1897-1898
L. C. Rice 1899-1900
John J. Plumer 1901-1903
Henry N. Coffin 1903-1904
Henry N. Coffin 1905-1906
C. A. Hastings 1907-1908
C. A. Hastings 1909-1910
O. V. Allen 1911-1912
O. V. Allen 1913-1914

Auditors
Silas W. Moody 1891-1892
Frank C. Ramsey 1893-1894
Frank C. Ramsey 1895-1896
J. H. Anderson 1897-1898
Bartlett Sinclair 1899-1900
E. W. Jones 1901-1902
Theo. Turner 1903-1904
Robert S. Bragaw 1905-1906
Robert S. Bragaw 1907-1908
S. D. Taylor 1909-1910
S. D. Taylor 1911-1912
Fred L. Huston 1913-1914

Attorneys General
George H. Roberts 1891-1892
George M. Parsons 1893-1894
George M. Parsons 1895-1896
Robert McFarland 1897-1898
S. H. Hays 1899-1900
Frank Martin 1901-1902
John A. Bagley 1903-1904
John Guheen 1905-1906
John Guheen 1907-1908
D. C. McDougall 1909-1910
D. C. McDougall 1911-1912
Joseph H. Peterson 1913-1914

Superintendents of Public Instruction
Joseph Harroun 1891-1892
B. B. Lower 1893-1894
C. A. Foresman 1895-1896
Louis N. B. Anderson 1897-1898
Permeal French 1899-1900
Permeal French 1901-1902
Mae L. Scott 1903-1904
Mae L. Scott 1905-1906
S. Belle Chamberlain 1907-1908
S. Belle Chamberlain 1909-1910
Grace Shepherd 1911-1912
Grace Shepherd 1913-1914

Chief Justices of Supreme Court
Isaac N. Sullivan 1891-1892
J. W. Huston 1893-1894
John T. Morgan 1895-1896
R. P. Quarles 1897-1898
Isaac N. Sullivan 1899-1900
C. O. Stockslager 1901-1902
James F. Ailshie 1903-1904
Isaac N. Sullivan 1905-1906
James F. Ailshie 1907-1908
Isaac N. Sullivan 1909-1910
George H. Stewart 1911-1912
James F. Ailshie 1913-1914

United States Senators
William J. McConnell Jan., 1891, to March 4, 1891
Fred T. Dubois March 4, 1891, to March 4, 1897
Henry Heitfeld March 4, 1897, to March 4, 1903
Weldon B. Hayburn March 4, 1903, to March 4, 1909
Weldon B. Hayburn March 4, 1909, to date of death, Oct. 17, 1912
K. I. Perky Appointed Nov. 16, 1912; served till Feb. 6, 1913
James H. Brady Elected Jan. 24, 1913; took oath Feb. 6, 1913, to March 4, 1915
George L. Shoup Jan., 1891, to March 4, 1895
George L. Shoup March 4, 1895, to March 4, 1901
Fred T. Dubois March 4, 1901, to March 4, 1907
William E. Borah March 4, 1907, to March 4, 1913
William E. Borah March 4, 1913, to March 4, 1917

United States Representatives
Willis Sweet 1891-1893 Burton L. French 1905-1907
Willis Sweet 1893-1895 Burton L. French 1907-1909
Edgar Wilson 1895-1897 Thomas R. Hamer 1909-1911
James Gunn 1897-1899 Burton L. French 1911-1913
Edgar Wilson 1899-1901 Burton L. French 1913-1915
Thomas L. Glinn 1901-1903 Addison T. Smith 1913-1915
Burton L. French 1903-1905

[Source: HISTORY OF IDAHO VOLUME I; BY HIRAM T. FRENCH, M. S.; Publ. 1914; Transcribed and submitted to Genealogy Trails by Andrea Stawski Pack.]