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Rush County, Indiana
History


TRANSPORTATION

At the time of the organization of Rush county, there were no transportation facilities of any kind available to the settlers, no railroads, no pikes, no canals.   As most of the citizens of the state lived in the southern portion, and along the Whitewater valley, and as the trend of settlement was toward the north, it became a matter of pressing importance to have avenues of travel opened up.   When Indiana was admitted to the Union, Congress set aside 5 per cent of the net proceeds of all the land sold in the state for road building, 3 per cent of this being-placed at the disposal of the General Assembly, and was always known as the 3 per cent fund.   An agent of this fund was appointed, and he paid out, according to the appropriation by the Assembly, to the various county agents where roads were to be built.   These state roads, as they were termed, were supposed to be 100 feet wide, but owing to the insufficiency of the fund which only served to have the timber cleared, and the extreme shortage of labor, the roads for many years were little more than bridle paths.    Pioneers received $1.50 a day for working on the roads, but so sparsely was the country settled, that even this attraction did not serve to gain enough men for the work.   There were two main roads in the state leading to the capital: a stage line from Madison to the East fork of the White river, crossing at the mouth pf the Flat Rock, running almost due north through Jefferson and Ripley counties, thence to Greensburg, across Shelby county, and thence to Indianapolis.   This was known as the Michigan road, and was continued through Logansport. and South Bend, to Michigan City. It was financed by the sale of lands, not under $1.25 per In this county, the first road ordered to be viewed began at the east line of Rush county, at the corners of sections 21 and 28, town 12, range 11, one mile north of the southeast corner of the county, thence on a due west line to the western boundary of said township. The second one viewed commenced where Whetzel's "trace" crossed the west line of Fayette, running thence west, the nearest and best route to the house of Richard Thornbury, in Rushville township, and then on westward to the Shelby county line. The general plan followed in the construction of roads was to have them radiate from the county seat, with occasional cross roads.

GROWING DEMAND FOR BETTER ROADS

However, the dirt roads were so unsatisfactory as means of transportation, and their construction so hap-hazard, that the people were in crying need of an outlet for their products. The increasing size of the cities, and the consequent development of manufactures and the employment of labor, created a demand for the product of the rural districts which could be met only with difficulty. Progress and development were being retarded in all walks of life, the farmer had no ready market for his trade, the city man no means of disposing of his manufactures. In 1849, the General Assembly took steps to en¬courage the building of good (or better) roads, by the enactment of a law authorizing the incorporation of stock companies for the construction of plank roads, and the ready response on the part of nearly every county in the state reflected the wisdom of this bill.

Rush county was not slow to take advantage of the new law, and stock companies were formed to build projected roads. One of the more important of these early roads was the Andersonville Plank Road Company, and -in July, 1857, there was published in the Rushville Republican a notice of the coming election of seven directors of the company, three in Rush county and four in
Franklin, to be held at the office of James H. Moore, Esq., August 10, 1857. Other road companies were formed, and the advantages arising from them were great. Superior facilities were given to the farmer for hauling his grain and stock, and increased value was given to the land which lay along the road routes. As business propositions, the roads themselves were profitable, because when they were properly managed they paid the stockholders a handsome profit on their investment. In 1865. although it was not yet completed, the Rushville and Vienna (now Glenwood) turnpike paid a six per cent, dividend to the stockholders. New roads were projected rapidly, and the sentiment of the people and the press was much in favor of them, money being freely subscribed.

In July, 1865, it was announced that the last legislature of Indiana had passed a general road law which provided for the piking of public highways where certain steps were taken. It was provided that where three-fifths of the landowners within three-fourths of a mile on each side of any public highway desired to convert the highway into a turnpike, they might make their petition to the board of county commissioners giving the length, beginning and terminus of such proposed road, the same not to be less than five miles in length. The land then lying within three-fourths of a mile on each side of the proposed road was taxed in proportion to its valuation to pay for the construction of the road.


Those who were required to pay the tax to build the road were allowed to form themselves into a corporation, elect directors, etc., and become a regular stock company, and when they had constructed four miles of their road, might erect toll-gates, toll-houses, and collect toll under a very liberal rate as authorized by the law. The tax was levied on the estimate of cost made by a competent com-missioner. The receipts went to keep up repairs, pay the officers and the balance was to be divided among the stockholders.   The companies were allowed to collect toll
for twenty years, and at the end of that period the road reverted to the public and became free. From time to time objections were raised to the provisions of this law on the ground that as the votes were proportioned to the number of acres owned, the rich had more influence in an election than the poor, but since the tax was also levied in proportion to the amount of land owned and the benefits were shared equally by all, there seems to have been but little logical excuse for this opposition.

In 1869 the legislature passed a law giving the board of trustees of incorporated towns in Indiana the exclusive power over the streets, highways, alleys and bridges within the corporate limits of such town; and the marshal, under the direction of the trustees, was empowered to perform the duties of a road supervisor, and exercise all the functions theretofore pertaining to that office, thus abolishing the office of road supervisor within the limits of incorporated towns.

BEGINNING OF HACK LINES

Communication between the towns of the county be-gan to increase with the improvement of the highways, and in 1870 Caleb Russell ran a daily hack between Rush-ville and Milroy, leaving Milroy at 7 a. m. and starting on the return journey from Rushville at 2 p. m., except on Sundays. There also were hack lines from Milroy to Greensburg, from Carthage to Knightstown, from Milroy to Richland, from Rushville to New Salem, one out of Raleigh, and others. The several'' star route'' mail lines, which were operated throughout this part of the state in those days, also ought to be recalled to mind in this connection, as there were a number of these which served the rural communities in Rush county. But the towns of adjacent counties seemed to be more aware of the neces-sity of good roads, and while the neighboring towns were pushing highways into the county to tap its trade, Rushville was apparently quietly slumbering.    There was great need, if Rushville was to keep pace with the other county seats of the region, to have good turnpike roads centering here and stretching out through every section of the county. The lack of them would send trade abroad which should be retained at home. In the direction of Milroy there was a good gravel road with two branches, only partly completed, however, and that thriving little village could only be reached by traveling four or five miles of the most wretched mud road. In the meantime, parties at
Milroy were using great energy in pushing ahead a project which promised to give them a good gravel road to Greensburg, and it became vital to the interest of Rushville that a good gravel road be completed to Milroy before the trade of that section was wholly diverted to another county.


Moscow had a good road to Shelbyville and a miserable road to Rushville, and the citizens of Rush county in that vicinity were very well acquainted at Shelbyville. Manilla was also without good communication with Rushville, and there was a gravel road running from Knights-town through Carthage and on to Burlington (now Arlington), which at Carthage tapped the Big Blue river country, one of the richest portions of the county, and furnished a good highway to carry its trade to Knightstown.


Urged on by the local press and by the knowledge that Rushville trade was suffering by prevailing transportation difficulties, new life was instilled into the building of roads. The Hilligoss, Miller, Rushville and Moscow Gravel Road Company took up, in 1873, the construction of six miles of gravel road out of Rushville toward Moscow, but later amended their plans so as to construct only four miles, and in November of the same year the Rushville, Shelbyville and Mull Company's gravel road was completed. At the same time the town of Rushville itself took steps to further improve its streets, and the corporation trustees let a contract for $4,800 to Hugh  Davis for grading and  graveling the streets
around the public square, the streets to be fifty-five feet wide with bowldered gutters.

EXTENSION OF GOOD ROADS

As fast as was then possible, good roads were extended into all parts of the county, free pikes were constructed as fast as money could be devoted to this purpose, and many of the old toll-roads had reverted to the county and become free, their twenty years of grace having been passed, when, about ten years prior to the close of the century, Rushville was known throughout the entire region as a good place to trade. Farmers from other counties brought their products to Rushville, the free pikes making a material saving for them. They would come farther to Rushville in many instances than the distance to their own county seat, if they were from other counties, not only on account of the free roads, but also because the large volume of business handled by Rushville made it possible for the business men of the town to offer higher prices for grain at the elevator, and to give better bargains in the stores.

In 1893, the General Assembly passed a road law which was substantially this: Upon the petition of at least fifty voters in any township or townships contiguous to each other, including therein any incorporated town or city of less than 3,000 population, a vote could be taken on the construction of free gravel, stone or macadamized roads at the next spring or fall elections called for that purpose. If a majority of the votes cast were in favor of the building of the road, the county commissioners were to proceed to do it, but not otherwise, construction to be awarded to the lowest bidder and bidders to file bond in twice the sum of their bids. For the purpose of raising the necessary funds the county commissioners were to issue county bonds for the full amount of not less than $50 nor more than $500 each.


The voters in Ripley and Posey townships were the
first to take advantage of this law. In April, 1893, an election was held in reference to the Arlington and Carthage turnpike. Since the road was already built, it was only necessary for it to be bought, the construction having already been taken care of. The result was in favor of buying the road, the amount to be raised being $4,248.10, $800 to go to the owners as purchase price, while the remainder was to go for repairs. Later in the year the commissioners levied a special tax of about $9,500 to buy several gravel roads.

Most of the bridges throughout the county were of wood, many of them of the old covered type, and about this time many of them began to give trouble, being inadequate to the demands of traffic placed upon them. In November, 1896. the county commissioners contracted with the Bellefontaine Bridge Company, of Bellefontaine, Ohio, for a single span steel bridge, 120 feet long, over the Blue river, near Carthage, the cost to be $3,500. Four years later, the commissioners submitted to the county council an estimate of $15,665 for sixteen new bridges in the county.


Thus, in the passing of a century, the county has progressed from having only a few necessary trails cut through the wilderness to a point where most of the farmers of the county have highly improved hard surfaced roads passing their doors. The roads are kept in perfect repair, as are the bridges and culverts, and the life of the county's commerce and trade pulses unrestricted along the arteries of traffic. The Indiana "Year Book" for 1919 presents the following statistics with reference to Rush county, bearing on public highways, bridges and ditches:
Highway Expenses—viewers and damages, $293.89; preliminary road construction, $367.75; gravel road construction, $117,568.34; gravel road bonds redeemed, $151,680.83; gravel road, $43,832.32; township gravel road bonds. $513,027.40; miles gravel roads completed in 1918, fifteen; total miles gravel roads, 328; miles

unimproved roads, seventy-five.
Bridges—expenditures, on new bridges, $11,013.20; bridge repairs, $5,924.12.
Ditches—expenditures, $958.90.

Under the provisions of the new state highway law a great deal of preliminary work is being done in the way of establishing state highways, making surveys and preparing specifications, and under the direction of the state highway commission a tentative system of highways has been planned to reach every county seat and city of five thousand in Indiana, making a network of highways which will connect every market center of the state. Much discussion has been created by the workings of the present highway laws and revisions of the laws are likely to be made from time to time, but eventually Indiana seems destined to have a fine system of trunk highways, and in the working out of this system Rush county inevitably will profit. The state highway commission has taken over approximately forty-four miles of the county's highways to be maintained by the state under what is known as the state highway commission law. This county is widely accorded the reputation of having as excellent a system of gravel roads as that of any county in the state, and it also has the equally gratifying reputation of maintaining these roads in as admirable a fashion as any.

The office of road supervisor has been one of importance in the development of the county. At first these officers were appointed by the township trustees, then they were elected on the county ticket every two years, but beginning January 14,1905, a new state law provided that only the voters in the road district electing the supervisor could vote for him.


THE OLD WHITEWATER CANAL

Although it never materialized as an important avenue of transportation on account of the advent of the railroad, and while it did not quite touch this county, so important was it in the public discussions of the time and would have been in the practical phase of transportation as affecting Rush county, that the Whitewater canal is worthy of some extended mention. Logan Esaray, in his "History of Indiana," gives us an accurate account of the canal:

"The Whitewater canal was the starting point of all these discussions [in the General Assembly]. The settlers in the valley, the most populous district of the state, as early as 1832 had petitioned for a canal. The assembly of 1833 ordered a preliminary survey, a report of which, by Surveyor Gooding, was laid before the assembly December 23, 1834. The valley was reported to be shallow and the fall excessive, requiring a great number of locks. There were many washed banks where the canal would have to be built over the river. The survey began at Nettle creek, near Cambridge City, in Wayne county, close to the crossing of the old National road. Thence it passed down the west bank to Somerset, at the Franklin county line, where it crossed, recrossing again at Brookville, and following the west bank to the Ohio at Lawrenceburg. The length was seventy-six miles; seven dams were necessary, fifty-six locks, and 491 feet of lockage. The estimated cost was $1,142,126.


"It would give an outlet for Franklin, Rush, Fayette, Henry, Randolph and Hancock counties, as well as a large part of Wayne, Union, Decatur and Delaware, a district aggregating 3,150 square miles. Produce could be transported by this means at an average cost of $3.65 per ton as against $10, the present cost. This would save $221,000 for the section each year. The water power would turn 318 pairs of millstones.  


"A big celebration at Brookville September 13,1836, at which David Wallace, Governor Noble and ex-Governor Ray were the orators, ushered in the undertaking. The work was always pushed more than any other on account of the great bulk of the population of the state being

in that valley. December 20, 1838, Superintendent Long reported the canal well-nigh completed to Brookville. This line was practically finished when the failure of the State Bank required a cessation of work, notice of which was given by Noah Noble, president of the board, August 18,1839.   

"The Whitewater canal was turned over in 1842 to a company organized to complete it. It was finished to Brookville in 1843; to Connersville in 1845, and to Cam¬bridge City in 1846. A flood in 1847 did $100,000 damage, and the repairs for a single flood in the next year cost $80,000. The Whitewater Valley railroad paralleled it in 1865, and forever put it out of business."

COMING OF THE RAILROADS

As the population increased and the production in all lines of business, but especially in agriculture, increased, it became apparent that ready foreign markets would have to be sought. The only feasible way to reach them was by means of the steam railroad, and agitation accordingly was commenced in favor of attracting to Rushville and Rush county this means of transportation. Since no outside capital could be influenced to construct a line through the county, the citizens decided to raise the money themselves by stock subscriptions, and accordingly the Rushville & Shelbyville railroad was built, the first cars coming into Rushville over its tracks on September 10, 1850. Another railroad touched the northwestern part of the county, but was of no great importance to the larger part of the county. This was the Shelbyville & Knightstown railroad. At Shelbyville these roads connected with the Indianapolis and Cincinnati roads, and at Knightstown with the Indiana Central, serving to give some outlet to the county.

The Shelbyville road from Rushville was a flat-bar affair, and while it supplied the wants of the people to some extent, it was in general quite inadequate. Passen
ger trains made a round trip from Rushville to Edinburg once a day, and many were the curious who sought a novel experience by taking the trip. In 1857 sentiment in favor of a $30,000 subscription to improve the road by laying an iron rail was aroused, and gradually the road, now a part of the Pennsylvania system, was improved until it compared favorably with other roads. In 1860, the new rails were laid, and after the track was ballasted, the trip from Shelbyville to Manilla could be made in thirty minutes, and in April of the same year, an excursion to Madison was run over this road and the Madison & Indianapolis. Two months later a return excursion was held, the young people of Rushville entertaining those of Madison with a grand ball and supper at Odd Fellow hall. In 1857, the Sandusky, Indiana & Louisville railroad was projected. Its course was to be from Sandusky to Winchester, Ind., there making a connection with the Pittsburgh, Indianapolis & Bellefontaine railroad, and with two important roads at Cambridge City, the Cincinnati & Chicago, and the Dayton & Indianapolis, or Central. This was considered to be one of the best routes in the state, connecting the Ohio river with the Great Lakes. The merchants who bought their goods in New York and Philadelphia were at that time compelled to ship via the Lake Shore route, but after leaving that road the goods took such a circuitous route that freight amounted to an enormous figure when the destination was reached. The same was true for the cattle raisers and drovers, who shipped to Eastern markets. It was pointed out that this new road would obviate these difficulties by giving a direct road to the best markets of the world. As it was there was no prospect of real estate rising in value until there was an outlet for trade. The county was cramped grain and other surplus products frequently had to be carried miles in wagons and often the price declined before it could be shipped. Lewis Maddux, of Rushville, was elected president of the road, and although it was favorably thought of, it never materialized.

COMPLIMENTS TO " SMOOTH-TONGUED SCOUNDRELS"

Another road, the Fremont & Indiana railroad, which was seeking a connection with the falls of the Ohio, was urged to construct its track through Rushville, but was never built. In June, 1860, arrangements were made so that the daily train over the Rushville & Shelbyvllle connected with the Lawrenceburg train from Indianapolis, the train from Rushville arriving at Madison in some seven or eight hours, the fare being $2.50 from Rushville to Madison. Later in the same year an impromptu meeting was called in Rushville to find out the sentiment of the people in regard to the Lake Erie & Pacific railroad, another projected road. Stock to the amount of $4,000 was at once subscribed, and plans were made for the construction of the road through Rushville. The road was to be built in three divisions, one hundred miles each, and Rushville was to be at the end of the second division, which would mean a machine shop and at least two hundred inhabitants to the town. The enthusiasm of the people was great, and nearly $100,000 of stock was subscribed in Rush county alone by the end of the year, 1860. It was figured that a saving of from five to ten cents per bushel would be made in the shipping of grain, which would very soon pay for the investment, and that the rise in value of real estate would more than cover the cost of the road. A stockholders' meeting was held at Cambridge City, and Gr. B. Rush, of Rush county, was elected chairman. Plans for raising the rest of the stock were made and a resolution passed in favor of running the road from Union City to Rushville, making Cambridge City a point. However, so slow was the work on this road, that the people rapidly lost confidence in it, and when $12,000 additional stock was asked to be subscribed in Rush county, it was refused, and the work for a time abandoned. The sentiment of the people was reflected in the Rushville Republican in 1865, when the Fort Wayne & Southern railroad tried to interest them:    "If we are not the worst deceived and most systematically trifled with people in the world, we are, at least, very fortunate in always having a peg to hang hope upon. It is not so long since that the memory of our citizens runneth to the contrary that we were very certain, indeed we felt that it was a dead sure thing, that the Lake Erie & Pacific railroad would be built, but alas, all our hopes vanished into thin air and our money into the pockets of the smooth-tongued scoundrels that had the management of the institution. But we bear our disappointment and losses with fortitude and resignation, hoping for better luck next time. Next came the Junction Railroad with fair promises of speedy completion and we got on our 'high hosses' thinking of the wonderful benefits we were soon to realize from the building of this road, but judge of our feelings when we found that we had again been sold. Now comes the Fort Wayne & Southern railroad and our hopes arise like the fabled bird from its ashes, but we are not going to make fools of ourselves. All we know about the construction of the Fort Wayne road is that a party of engineers, said to represent an English company, lately passed through here examining the proposed route.''
In September, 1865, at a meeting at the court house, a proposition was laid before the people of the county by the agents of the Indiana, Central and Jeffersonville roads, pledging that if the citizens along the line of the Lake Erie & Pacific road, between here and Cambridge City would raise $60,000, $20,000 of which had already been subscribed, the company would have the road done and the cars running by June 1, 1866. No action was taken at the meeting, some attending being in favor of the company getting a release of subscription notes to the Junction railroad, and that then perhaps they would subscribe the amount needed.

However the Junction railroad was not defunct. Work on it was rapidly pushed in 1867, by the first of January it was completed to Morristown, fifteen miles west of Rushville, and trains were run daily from Cincin
nati to that place, and by the middle of the following year it was completed to Indianapolis, and the citizens of Rush county could make the trip to the capital and back without taking a week for the trip. On July 4,1868, the first train was operated through the town on the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis. This gave Rushville two good railroad facilities, and there was a rapid improvement in almost every branch of trade, while in population and building there was an equally rapid advancement. Clark's addition became dotted over with new dwelling houses, and in the early spring of the next year several fine brick and frame dwellings were erected. Rent was very high, and there were not sufficient houses or business buildings to supply the demand. Trade of every kind, taking into consideration the times and conditions following the war, was lively. With as rich a farming county as Rush, the means of transportation now in existence could not but improve Rushville rapidly. People began to improve the appearance of the town, and altogether there was a general trend upward.

NOT GOING TO BE "DONE" AGAIN

On January 25, 1870, on petition of more than one hundred freeholders of the county, the board of commissioners ordered an election on whether or not the county should be taxed $90,000 to be given for the construction of the Toledo & Louisville railroad, through Rushville, and the measure was lost by an overwhelming majority. The people had been "done" too often to favor a tax of this kind.

In 1872, shipping was further facilitated by the establishment of through freight rates by the Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis to all points east and south, and at the same time through passenger tickets were sold for all eastern cities. Passenger traffic increased with the, years, and in 1877 it was reported that the receipts from this traffic alone on the C. H. & I. (the old Junction) amounted to $1,000 per month.

There had been various meetings from time to time in the county to construct a road on the line of the old Ft. Wayne & Southern, one of these in 1872 held by the citizens of Rush and Decatur counties, was so strongly in favor of it that steps were taken to construct such a road. Large donations were made by the people in the way of stock subscriptions, and in September, 1881, the V. G, & R. railroad was completed, opening for better trade facilities a large portion of Rush county, benefiting not only the county seat, but the town of Milroy. The year before its completion a surveying party had been over proposed lines for the Rushville & Newcastle railroad, and in 1882 this road, known first as the N. & R. railroad, was finished. In 1889 the C. W. & M. railroad was built north from Rushville, touching Carthage and continuing through Knightstown to Anderson, Ind. This gave Rushville its four railroads. In 1890 the J. M. & I. railroad, formerly the Rushville & Shelbyville railroad, was changed to the P. C. C. & St. L., or Pennsylvania railroad; the name of the old Junction was changed first to the C. H. & L, and now operates as the Cincinnati, Indianapolis & Western; the N. & R. is now the Lake Erie & Western. The V. G.. & R. railroad is now a part of the C. C. C. & St. L. Railroad or Big Four system.

Aside from the large amount of freight business done by these roads, there are exceptionally good passenger accommodations afforded. The C. I. & W. operates five trains daily east and an equal number west; the Pennsylvania, two each day south and north, a total of four; the Big Four operates four passenger trains, two each way; and the L. E. & W., though primarily a freight road, operates one each way every day.

COMING OF THE TRACTION LINES

A later development in rail transportation was the electric railroad, or traction. In 1898, the C. H. & D. railroad organized the C. H. & D. Traction Company, and after two years of inactivity it began to consider building an electric line from Indianapolis to Rushville. In June of the same year, 1900, the Rushville & Brookville electric railway was promoted with a capital stock of $50,000 in 500 shares, 310 of which were subscribed in Rushville. However, more than one traction company was not deemed necessary at the time, and the work done in pushing through the Indianapolis line caused the other to be abandoned. In 1901, in May, fresh impetus was added to the building of the electric line from the capital when the Rushville city council granted the right of way for the line through the city. This company was known as the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company, and every effort was put forth to construct the line as quickly as possible. In 1903, it was announced that the power plant for the line would be located either at Connersville or Rushville, and there was consequently keen competition between the two cities for this addition to the business of the town. In June, 1903, it was located at Rushville, the terms of the agreement guaranteeing a site for the plant at a cost of $5,000. At the beginning of the year 1905, although the line was not completed all the way to Indianapolis from Connersville, its present terminus, cars were run through Rushville every two hours, attracting great attention from the people, many of whom rode for the novelty. When the road was completed to Indianapolis a short time later, and through cars run over the entire route, the people realized what an advantage it was to the town, although at first it had been opposed by many merchants on the ground that much of their trade would go to the larger city when the trip was made so easy for them. The I. & C. traction was the first to use the single phase alternating current system in the operation of its cars, and its success attracted the attention of electric railway men all over the country.

A considerable amount of freight, principally light, is carried over this line in addition to the twenty-eight passenger cars which are operated daily, fourteen each way from Connersville to Indianapolis, giving excellent service and satisfaction to all who can avail themselves of it. A right-of-way has been secured by the Indianapolis & Cincinnati Traction Company for a line southeast of Rush ville and at this time (1921) there is a strong probability that the project for the construction of the line will be accomplished. One phase of the traction systems is the accommodation of towns along the lines which are able to secure ample current from the traction wires for local lighting purposes, and the Indianapolis & Cincinnati is now furnishing lighting current for Shelby ville, as well as to some of the villages through which it passes.

Before passing from the subject of railroads it is proper to note that there still is visible in places the elevation thrown up in the '50s for the creation of a roadbed for a railroad that was operated through this county from Knights town to Shelby ville. The road seems never to have been properly financed and was abandoned after a few years of unsuccessful operation.

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