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Chronological History of Montana
* 80,000,000- 60,000,000 B.C. - Dinosaurs die off in Montana.
* 2,000,000-20,000 B.C. - Series of glacial ice sheets cover portions of Montana.
* 15,000-13,000 B.C. - Asiatic people migrate over land bridge to Montana.
* 8,000-6,500 B.C. - Prehistoric people develop communal hunting techniques in Montana.
* 6,500 B.C.-1,500 A.D. - Prehistoric people populate all areas of Montana.
17th century
* 1680 - Montana natives acquire the horse. 18th century
* 1720 - Montana natives acquire the gun. 19th century
* 1803 - United States acquires most of Montana in the Louisiana Purchase
* 1805-1806 - Lewis and Clark Expedition crosses and recrosses Montana
* 1807 - Manuel Lisa builds first fur fort in Montana on the Yellowstone River
* 1828 - Fort Union, an American Fur Company post, is built at the mouth of the Yellowstone River
* 1841 - Father Pierre Jean de Smer establishes St. Maryfs Mission in the Bitterrot Valley
* 1846 - The Oregon Treaty gives the rest of Montana to the U.S.
* 1847 - Fort Benton founded on Missouri River as military and trading post; soon becoming world-renown "Head of Navigation" to the west and world's furthest inland port. Steamboats brought gold seekers, fur traders, settlers and supplies, making Fort Benton the "Birthplace of Montana."
* 1853 - Johnny Grant starts the first beef herd in the Deer Lodge Valley
* 1857 - First sheep ranching begins in the Bitterroot Valley
* 1860 - First steamboat reaches Fort Benton
* 1862 -
* Placer miners rush to gold strike on Grasshopper Creek (Bannack)
* 14 July, James Stuart becomes first lawman in Montana History, elected sheriff of Gold Creek with jurisdiction covering most of Western Montana. Served to April 18 63.
* 1863 -
o May, Crawford resigns and returns home to an eastern state. Outlaw gang leader Henry Plummer elected sheriff of Bannack and all gold camps southeast of the Bitterroot.
o 29 June, Chief Deputy Donald H, Dillingham of Virginia City, becomes first lawman killed in the Line of Duty, assassinated in broad-daylight on Virginia City's Main Street by two of Plummerfs deputie
o December, 102 known killed and over a quarter million dollars in gold (at 1863 prices) stolen by Plummerfs "Road Agents" gang. Outraged citizens form Vigilante Committee, and within five weeks 21 gang members hung, countless others banished from Territory.
* 1864 -Vigilantes hang Henry Plummer and other "Innocents";
o 26 May, Montana Territory officially created by act of President Abraham Lincoln, Bannack chosen as first Territorial Capitol.
o First newspaper, the Montana Post, published in Virginia
City
* 1865 - Montana's first U.S. Marshal appointed by President Lincoln: George M. Pinney, serving from 1865 to 1867. Pinney first sets up his office in Butte, later moving to Helena.
* 1866 - U.S. Military Post, Camp Cooke, created on the Judith River.
* 1870 - Open-range cattle industry begins on Montana Prairies
* 1872 - Congress creates Yellowstone National Park
* 1873 - Beginning of Royal Canadian Mounted Police, to "destroy illegal whiskey trade and lawlessness" caused by the "Whoop-Up Trail" operation from Fort Benton into Canadian Northwest Territories, the "Trail" having been created by Fort Benton's first sheriff, and subsequently participated in and protected by five of his successors.
* 1876 -
o 24 June, Sioux Indians defeat Col. George Arm Custer and 7th Cavalry at Battle of Little Big Horn River.
o Following, Nez Pierce Indian Chief Joseph leads his people out of Oregon into Montana, outwitting superior U.S. Army forces, until surrender in 1877 near Bear's Paw Mountains in northern Montana.
* 1877 -
o Significant copper mining- begins in Butte;
o Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce retreat across Montana
* 1880 - Utah and Northern Railroad enters Montana
* 1883 -
o Northern Pacific Railroad is completed through Montana; o Marcus Daly establishes the town of Anaconda and its smelting works
* 1885 - Montana Territorial Government creates first "state" law enforcement agency: Montana Department of Livestock.
* 1889 - 08 November, Montana becomes 41st state of United States under President Benjamin Harrison's administration, 16 original counties established, and 16 sheriffs appointed by new state government.
* 1890 - First hydroelectric dam is built at Great Falls
20th century
* 1902 - Montana Capitol Building is completed.
* 1903 - Amalgamated Copper Company paralyzes the state's economy with the shut-down to force legislative relief.
* 1909 -Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ("Milwaukee Road") is completed through Montana.
* 1910 -
o Congress establishes Glacier National Park; o forest fires devastate western Montana.
* 1910-1918 - Homesteading boom peaks on Montana's plains.
* 1911-1925 - "County-busting" craze creates 25 new Montana counties.
* 1914 - Montana women receive the franchise (right to vote).
* 1916 - Jeanette Rankin elected the first woman in the U.S. Congress.
* 1917 -Rankin votes against U.S. entry into World War I; o Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) organizer Frank Little is lynched in Butte.
* 1918 - February, Mrs Leo Hunter, Rosebud County Sheriff's Office, appointed first female law officer in state.
* 1919 - First of severe agricultural depressions (extending into the early 1940s) begins in Montana; oil is discovered in the Cat Creek
field.
* 1921 - Wave of bank failures begins in Montana.
* 1922 - KDYS (Great Falls), Montana's first licensed radio station, broadcasts.
* 1923 - Jack Dempsey-Tommy Gibbons world heavyweight championship fight is staged in Shelby.
* 1926 - Montana artist Charlie Russell dies in Great Falls.
* 1930 - Significant tourist industry begins in Montana.
* 1933 -
o Construction of Fort Peck Dam begins;
o scores of Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps are established across Montana.
* 1935 -
o Works Progress Administration (WPA) begins projects in
Montana;
o Series of severe earthquakes hits central Montana
* 1936 - Rural Electrification Administration (REA) begins work in Montana
* 1941 - Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin votes against U.S. entry into World War II
* 1943 - Smith Mine disaster kills 70 coal miners
* 1950 - Great Falls replaces Butte as Montana's largest city
* 1951 - Petroleum boom begins in eastern Montana
* 1952 - Mike Mansfield is first elected to the U.S. Senate
* 1953 - KOOK-TV (Billings), Montana's first licensed television state, broadcasts
* 1955 -
o Aluminum plant begins processing in Columbia Falls; o Berkeley Pit copper operation starts in Butte
* 1956 - Construction of the federal interstate-highway system begins in Montana
* 1959 - Severe earthquakes hit upper Madison Valley
* 1961 - Malmstrom Air Force Base (Great Falls) becomes site of the nation's first ICBM missile command
* 1964 - Congress passes federal Wilderness Act
* 1967 -
o Bell Creek petroleum field is discovered and developed; o Longest and costliest strike in Montana history runs in
Butte
* 1968 - Yellowtail Dam is completed; Work begins on Libby Dam
* 1969 - Large-scale strip mining of coal begins at Colstrip
* 1970 - Consolidation creates the Burlington Northern Railroad
* 1972 - Montana's electorate approves new constitution
* 1975 - Underground mining ceases in Butte
* 1976 - Mike Mansfield retires from U.S. Senate; becomes U.S. ambassador to Japan
1980 - Anaconda Company announces the closing of its Montana operations;
o Billings replaces Great Falls as Montana's largest city; o Fallout from Mount St. Helena volcanic eruption blankets
Montana
* 1981 - Milwaukee Road declares bankruptcy
* 1982 - Copper-mining operations cease at Butte's Berkeley Pit
* 986 - Limited underground mining resumes in Butte;
1987- Some high-tech gold mining reopens in Montana mountains
1988- Burlington Northern sells a major portion of its Montana trackage to Montana Rail Link;
1988- Last gaps in federal interstate-highway system are completed in Montana
* 1988 - U.S. and Canada initiate a Free-Trade Agreement, directly affecting Montana's economy;
1989-Large forest fires sweep areas of a drought-striken Montana and Yellowstone National Park 1989 - Montana celebrates its statehood centennial
1990 - Montana's timber-industry income declines, while gains occur in tourism and specialized mining
1991 - Riot at State Prison in Deer Lodge results in five deaths.
* 1992 -
o As a result of the 1990 federal census, Montana loses one of its two representatives in Congress; two incumbents oppose each other for the remaining seat;
o Attorney General Marc Racicot (R) defeats legislator Dorothy Bradley (D) for governor's seat.
* 1993 -
o Robert Redford's film, "A River Runs Through It," sparks increased tourism and immigration to Montana;
o a generally wet summer produces record agricultural
harvests.
* 1994 - 4,500 wildfires rage across Montana, burning 286,000 acres.
* 1995 - Wolves are returned to Yellowstone National Park, where they thrive.
* 1996 -Montana Freeman and federal agents involved in a standoff in eastern Montana; "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski captured near Lincoln.
* 1997 - A prison-population overflow creates a housing crisis for inmates, some sent out-of-state.
* 1998 - The Montana Power Company sells its electric generating facilities to Pacific Power and Light, Global, Inc.
* 1999 - As highway deaths rise, Montana reinstitutes a daylight speed limit of 70 mph on 2-lane paved roads.
21th century
* 2000 -Summer wildfires scorch nearly 1,000,000 acres and raze 320 homes, mostly in the Bitterroot Valley;19,600,000 acres of state and federal land are closed due to fire hazard.
* 2001 -The Montana Legislature deregulates the electric industry in the state; wildfires again dominate Montana's drought-beset summer.
EARLY NATIVE AMERICANS:
French, French into Italian, Italian into Greek, and Greek into Spanish in order to have an Englishman talk with a Spaniard
Possibly the explanation of the great diversity was to be found in the fact that none of the Amerinds had reduced their language to written forms It is the literature of civilized nations which holds the language uniform. The King James version of the Holy Bible unified various English dialects into the modern form of the language And Dante's Divine Comedy performed the same service for the modern Italian by embodying the Tuscan dialect into a literary form which was adopted as the common language of that peninsula.
While the Indians painted the records of their great deeds on deer and buffalo skins, they never used writing as far as we now know as means of communication.
In the Yellowstone Valley some unknown aborigines carved hieroglyphics in the rock high above the ground- When Gibbon's command was in the vicinity in 1876 effort was made to learn from the Crows what the engravings meant The great labor necessary to carve them was taken to indicate a very serious purpose
But the Crows replied that the carvings were made by spirits and every few winters the spirits would remove them and engrave new inscriptions. Markings of like character were said to be scattered all through the Crow country. But the Crows of 1876 made no such records and had not even so much as a tradition to account for the presence of the carvings.
Similar markings were made by Indians on the cliffs of Wild Horse Island in Flathead Lake. They are not basically different from the pictographs in use among the Plains Indians and there is no reason to postulate any great antiquity for them. Yet the Salish do not claim them and say they do not know what the markings mean.
In spite of the differences in language, dress, customs, implements, and government, there can be little doubt but that all Amerinds had a common source. But we must examine several interesting opinions as to what that source was.
First, it has been suggested that the Amerinds were absolutely indigenous to America. That is to say, from the very first development of human life these Indians lived in America, and that from a common source in America all these tribes radiated. This theory is as hard to disprove as it is to prove, for it is the next to impossible task of establishing a negative as a positive fact.
If it were true that men had had an original source in America we might properly expect to find very ancient remains of artifacts such as weapons, buildings, pottery, and so forth. All the Indian mounds that have been opened have yielded absolutely nothing to show that a different race of men than that which occupied America in 1500 made the mounds or the articles found in them, No bone or skull has ever been found in American soil which belonged to a man of a different race than the Indians, except, of course, comparatively recent remains of immigrants. MORE....
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