New Jersey Institutions Conditions from the Annual Reports of the Board of Health

Penitentiary and Jails
Essex county has a penitentiary near Caldwell of forty acres. Work is done by the convicts - they average about 130 in number. The institution and in most of its sanitary arrangements is a model.
Hudson county has a penitentiary at Snake Hill - three hundred convicts of terms of one year or less, stone quarrying and other industries are pursued and the system is well managed .

All the counties have county jails. Most of these are connected with the court-house and are under the supervision of the Sheriff.
Those in Essex, Hudson, Passaic and Union are under the charge of wardens, and two of them are separate from the court-house buildings.

Asylums
Besides a few insane or demented persons to be found in various alms-houses, there are in the State eight county asylums, in which are to be found inmates of all grades
of derangement, and of all varieties of skilled and unskilled oversight. The counties which have these asylums are thus enumerated, the number of inmates being given as by the last State tax allowance.
Those which are either in a building with or adjoining the county alms-house are marked with a star.

Burlington County *64 (Pemberton)
Camden County * 79 (Blackwoodtown)
Cumberland County,* 10 (Woodstown)
Essex County, 328 (Newark)
Gloucester County, 3 (Clarksboro)
Hudson County, 222 (Snake Hill)
Passaic County, 36 (Paterson)
Salem County, 7 (Salem.)

In Burlington county the asylum forms a part of the alms - house with its three hundred and twenty inmates.
The general care is under the special superintendence of a matron, and a doctor visits the institution as often as is necessary.
The cells, with the exception of three or four, are properly located.

Camden county has its asylum on the same ground as the alms- house, but in a separate building.
It, too, is under the superintendence of a matron, and has the same visiting physician as the alms-house.

Cumberland county has its asylum under the same superintendence as the alms-house, but is not as well attended to.
The asylum is adjacent to the alms-house, but because of small number of inmates (ten), lacks that expert care which with
larger institutions can command. Three epileptics are kept in the other rooms not well adapted for them.

The asylum in Essex county is so large as advantages of skilled administration, and of those skilled in dealing with this special ailment. Although the present buildings are in some respects well suited to their purpose, as the property belongs to city and not to the county, new buildings are being erected which will probably be completed in about three years.
There is no reason why this institution should not illustrate the best methods alienistic care.

Gloucester county has a small brick building on the same grounds as the alms-house, fitted for nine persons, but contain only three. All bad cases are sent to the State asylum.

Hudson county has an asylum adjoining other county institutions on Snake Hill.
It has a number sufficient to secure the services of a resident physician and in many respects managed according to the most approved methods. The new part of the building is admirably adapted for its purposes as to its halls, its rooms, its heating and ventilation and its change from sitting to sleeping corridors.
In those rooms where close confinement was necessary, the contrast with some similar rooms in smaller asylums was very great.
Those who in the latter always slept on the floor because of their destructiveness of beds and clothing, were here provided with a form of elevated bed which is used, so as to secure greater comfort and cleanliness. It was in marked contrast with similar cells seen at two other places.

Passaic county provides for between thirty and forty inmates.

Salem county. - The asylum building is here adjacent to the alms- house.
Although the asylum has but few inmates, like other small asylums it suffers for want of classification and administration.
Both it and the alms-house were found so defective in many particulars, that the Secretary felt it to be necessary to meet
members of the Board in person so as to complain of its condition and suggest changes.

Alms-houses.
Great difference of method exists in the State indigent. Most of the larger cities have city officers derive their authority from the Mayor and Common Council.
Several of the counties have county alms-houses. In some other cases the townships combine in a common alms-houses.
Many Townships have alms-houses of their own. Some have a system of out - door relief, and a few still cling to the old method of farming out their paupers.

The New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, at Trenton, New Jersey, was erected in 1848, and has attached to it 170 acres of land. It has a capacity of 500 patients. The original cost of the building was $100,000, and the cost of subsequent additions has been $178,000, making a total cost of $278,000. The per capita cost of building is estimated to be $556. The State appropriates, annually, $8000 for the asylum. Five-sixths of the patients are paupers, at $4.50 per week, paid by counties. Among the patients in this asylum are included the convict insane, who have been transferred to the institution from the State prison by virtue of the twelfth section of the Act of the Government and Regulation of the State Prison, approved March 20th, 1869.
The new asylum is situated at Morristown, New Jersey, and has been erected at a projected cost of $2,250,000, and is one of the finest large institutions in this country, if not in the world. The site is admirably selected, and covers about 400 acres of land, which cost about $80,000. The asylum has a capacity of 800 patients. The per capita cost of building is estimated at $2802. The water-works cost $20,000, and the water supply is said to be four times enough to meet the ordinary wants of the institution. The building has a frontage of 1250 feet, and it is a mile and a quarter around it, outside of the foundation line. It is a four-story, semi-Gothic structure, built of syenitic granite, quarried on the grounds. All the main materials for the building were also obtained on the grounds—the stone, the clay for brick, etc. Brick was made at the rate of 80,000 per day, about 15,000,000 having been used in the construction.

Source: Mann, Edward C. M. D., A Manual of Psychological Medicine and Allied Nervous Diseases; Philadelphia; 1883

STATE HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
The State Hospital for the Insane, located at Trenton, is controlled by a. board of eight managers appointed by the Governor. The Honorable Garret D. W. Vroom is the president of the board, which has the appointment of the officers of the medical and business departments, the following gentlemen being the chiefs: John W. Ward, Medical Director; William Hays, Warden. At the present time there are 1,226 patients in the institution, about equally divided as to sex. I was informed by Dr. Ward, who has been identified with the Hospital for nearly thirty-eight years, that during his official charge of the institution there has been no case of contagious or infectious disease arising on the premises until the spring of 1904, when fifteen cases of diphtheria developed among the inmates. The patients were isolated and no further cases occurred. No cause was discovered for the outbreak.
The Warden has full power to purchase all food supplies, without resorting to advertisement for bids, except in the case of fresh meats, which are supplied under quarterly contracts. The contract for the meat supply of the last quarter was awarded to the Trenton Abbatoir Company, which contract expired September 30. Mr. L. H. Stein, a Trenton butcher, and a dealer in western meats, has received the contract for the next three months. The dietary consists of cereals, fresh and salt meats, fresh and salt fish, bread, butter, coffee, potatoes, all other vegetables, tea, rice, cheese, pickles, oysters, milk and fruits. The food supplies are stored in rooms annexed to each of the four kitchens designated as Centre, East, West and Annex. Connected with the State Hospital there is a farm of one hundred and fifty acres, on which are grown most of the vegetables for use in season. No jammed fruits or vegetables are purchased, all these being bought from farmers within twenty miles of the institution and canned in glass by the employees in the kitchens. All the tomatoes are raised on the farm and placed in seven-gallon tin cans. A flour mill on
the premises, equipped with modern machinery, furnishes nearly all the flour consumed. When there is a shortage, additional supplies are purchased from Trenton mills. The meats, vegetables and fruits were examined at the time of the inspection and found to be sound and of good quality. All groceries are bought from Trenton merchants. About 14,000 oysters are used per week. No raw oysters are served except in special cases, on requisition from an attending physician. The fish and oysters are furnished by J. M. Atwood, a Trenton dealer. The supply of coffee is bought in the bean and is a mixture of Rio, Maracaibo and Java. One-third chicory is added to it when ground. The Farmers' Exchange at Belle Mead and the Elgin, Illinois, creameries furnish the butter supply.

Lard is furnished by Margerum Brothers, packers, of Trenton. The ice used for ice water is manufactured on the premises from distilled water, and is placed in the water for drinking purposes. About 200 tons of ice is also gathered annually from the Delaware and Raritan canal, and used for cold storage purposes. The water supply is derived from three driven wells, each about 250 feet deep, and one surface well near the laundry building. The latter is walled up for about 13 feet, the well being about 20 feet in diameter. The well contains about three feet of water. A Downey pump, with a pumping capacity of 100,000 gallons per day, is placed over each of the three wells near the engine house. Water from the spring near the canal feeder is also forced to the reservoir by a steam pump.

About 800 quarts of milk are consumed daily, one-half being produced on the hospital dairy farm, and the remainder furnished by Mr. William B. Fort, a dealer at Trenton Junction. The milk from the farm is delivered twice a day and is divided equally among the four kitchens. The milk furnished by Mr. Fort is brought about six o'clock in the morning. The kitchen employees transfer the milk from the contractor's cans to ten-quart cans, which are cleaned daily with hot water and soap. The contractor's cans are left at the kitchens and are washed and dried in the same manner,' and returned the next day. The milk is stored in refrigerators attached to each kitchen at a temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition to the milk, all of the refrigerators contain fresh and salt meats, cooked and uncooked vegetables, lard, eggs and cheese. The ice boxes are constantly visited by the kitchen employees, either to deposit the remains of victuals from the dining rooms after meals, or to get materials for cooking and place fresh supplies. Some of the milk cans were covered and some uncovered. Mr. Fort receives his supplies from the following producers, whose premises I have visited, and of which I append detailed reports:

Samuel B. Bainbridge, Hopewell Township, Mercer county, 90 quarts;
Andrew H. Burroughs, Hopewell Township, Mercer county, 150 quarts;
William Hildebrandt, Hopewell Township, Merger county, 70 quarts;
John C. Green, Ewing Township, Mercer county, 75 quarts;
Jerry Martin, Hopewell Township, Mercer county, 100 quarts.

These producers cart their milk to Trenton Junction in cans which have been previously washed at the hospital kitchens, and as many cans as are needed for the day are transferred to Mr. Fort's wagon. He carts it at once to the hospital, a mile distant, where it is left at the kitchens, and the clean empty cans of the previous day are gathered up and returned to Mr. Fort's premises, where they are placed on racks in the open air until the next morning, when the producers receive them to be refilled. Altogether the milk is carted an approximate distance of five miles.

STATE HOME FOR GIRLS.
The State Home for Girls is controlled by nine trustees appointed by the Governor.
The members of the present board are:

Thomas P. Fay,
Mrs. Frederick Johnson,
A. D. Carnagy,
John D. Rue,
Thomas B. Holmes,
Martin C. Ribsam,
Dr. Madena De Hart,
Mrs. Lydia G. Bergen,
Mrs. C. Stewart Hartshorne.

This board appoints the superintendent of the Home, Mrs. Elizabeth V. H. Mansell being now the incumbent of that office.
The buildings are located just outside the limits of the city of Trenton, in Ewing township, Mercer county.
There are at present one hundred and seven (107) girls confined in the Home, making, with the officers and servants, a total population of 127 people.

The food supplies are purchased weekly by the chairman of the purchasing committee and the superintendent, from Trenton merchants, the patronage being distribute among the different dealers. Connected with the institution is a farm of eighty acres, on which are grown most of the vegetables used. The three kitchens, one in the east wing, one in the west wing and one in the cottage, are equipped with ranges, stationary steel steamers for cooking meat and vegetables, porcelain sinks and all necessary dish washing arrangements. The rooms are of ample size, and the floors, walls and all appliances were clean at the time of inspection, no unpleasant odors being noticeable. Adjoining the cottage kitchen is a pantry 7x12x14 feet, with a refrigerator, which at that time contained cooked and uncooked meats and vegetables, and milk in uncovered vessels. The temperature of the refrigerator was from 60 degrees to 65 degrees F. The store room on the same floor contained barrels of sugar, vinegar, firkins of oleo, soaps and a general line of groceries. The room was light and clean.- The bakery is in the basement of the west wing, and contains an oven with a capacity of seventy-two loaves. The walls and ceilings were freshly lime washed, and the cement floor was clean. The kitchen in the west wing is 50x25x10 feet, and rather dark. The range and the copper coffee urns were bright and shining, and the '.vails and cement floor were clean. The pantry, adjoining, contains a refrigerator in which were stored cooked and uncooked meats, vegetables and uncovered milk The temperature was 65 degrees F. The east wing kitchen is 50x20x15 feet. The officers' food is prepared and cooked in this kitchen, as well as that of some of the girls. A room in the rear contains two steam boilers for vegetables, potatoes, etc., and adjoining this is a room 10x18x15 feet, with a refrigerator 4x7x8 feet, containing meat, vegetables, cooked and uncooked and milk. All the rooms and utensils were clean.
The water supply is obtained from two tube wells 150 feet deep, over which are placed Dean pumps, forcing the water to a tank which supplies all the buildings, through pipes. The daily consumption of milk is about 100 quarts, two-thirds of this being produced on the school farm, and the remainder furnished by the Mercer Dairy Company, of Trenton. The milk from the dairy farm is taken, as soon as drawn from the cows, to the institution kitchens, where it is poured into small cans and placed in the refrigerators. The milk furnished by the Mercer Dairy Company is produced on the farm of Mr. Frank Weart, in Ewing township. Mr. Weart sells the Company about one hundred quarts daily. The morning's milk Is kept at the farm until after the noon milking and is then carted to Trenton, a distance of about three miles. The temperature of the milk, on arrival at Trenton, is about 60 degrees F. The required amount ordered for the day by the superintendent of the home is then measured out and taken to the institution by Mr. Weart, the producer, on his return home. His farm is located near the institution. A record of the inspection of his dairy is herewith appended.

The following are the menus furnished to the inmates of the Home on to date; They are fairly representative of the daily dietary:

September 27, 1904:
Breakfast, bread and butter, tomatoes, coffee, milk; dinner, bean soup, apples, bread and butter; supper, rice pudding, bread and butter.

October 6, 1904:
Breakfast, bread, fried potatoes, tomatoes, coffee, milk; dinner, lamb stew, pickles, bread; supper, bread, tomatoes, ginger cake, milk, tea.

The food supplies found on hand at the time of inspection were sound and of good quality. Samples of lard, vinegar, molasses and milk were taken for analyses. No case of a contagious disease, other than measles or mumps, has occurred at the Home for at least six years.

MANUAL TRAINING AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR COLORED YOUTH.
This school is located in Burlington county, one-half mile southwest of Bordentown, and is under the control of the State Board of Education, being supervised by a committee of which Mr. William B. Forbes is chairman, James M. Gregory is principal and Fanny E. Gregory the preceptress.

There are at present one hundred and seven persons maintained within the buildings, of whom ninety-six are pupils—thirty-four boys and sixty girls - besides twelve instructors and one cook. Connected with the school is a fertile farm of two hundred and sixty (260) acres, which, with the exception of fifty acres, is sub-let to private persons. On the acreage retained by the State, turnips, sweet and round potatoes, tomatoes, garden vegetables and fruits are grown, a considerable quantity of them being canned by the students for winter use. The food supplies are purchased by the principal, and are bought in rather small quantities from Bordentown, Philadelphia and Trenton merchants. The quantity of perishable food on hand at the time of the inspection was very small, no refrigerators being provided for the school, which makes it impossible to keep such goods longer than a few hours before cooking. The meats are ordered from a local butcher in Bordentown, and are cut by him in such a way as to best conserve the daily menu. The water for all purposes is drawn from a dug well, located one hundred feet from the river bank, on high
ground, and twenty feet east of the old "Ironsides" mansion. It is walled up eight inches above the surface, and covered by a tight board platform.
The kitchen is in the basement of the new brick administration building, and is a room 18x25x12 feet, having a fine range, an assortment of ordinary cooking utensils and serving tables. An adjoining room has a dresser for clean dishes and sinks for dish washing. The dining room, on the opposite side of the hall, is 25x60x12 feet. These rooms have cement floors.

Two cows, belonging to the institution, furnish all the milk used In the school, which is about fifteen quarts daily. The food stuffs on hand at the time of inspection consisted of bread, butter, lard, coffee in the bean, tea. oatmeal, sweet and round potatoes, turnips, vinegar, molasses, sugar, canned tomatoes, corn, beans, fruits and jellies.

No contagious disease has ever occurred among the pupils or teachers of this institution, so far as my informant had knowledge.

STATE EPILEPTIC VILLAGE.

In the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, located at Skillman, inspection made November 4, 1904, I was informed by Dr. H. M. Weeks, superintendent, that there are now about one hundred patients, and when buildings which are now under construction have been completed there will be room to care for about one hundred and fifty patients. All of the milk used is produced on the village farm from a herd of forty-one graded cows, which are now stabled in a barn about 24x40x8 feet. The ceiling is formed by rails laid across beams and the loft is used for storing hay. The floor and mannure gutters are of wood and there is no drainage. There are two rows of stalls so arranged that the cows stand head to head, separated only by a narrow passage and the air space does not exceed 325 cubic feet per cow. There are six windows about 24x36 inches which furnish light and ventilation. Stable manure is stored upon the ground in the stable yard. I am informed by Mr. W. H. Schults, steward, that the use of this building will be discontinued for housing cows as soon the new brick dairy building which is now under construction has been completed. Mr. Bull, an employee, informs me that he is assisted by patients of the Village in the milking and that the milkers go from the work in which they may be employed at milking time and do the milking without first washing their hands or changing of garments. He states that the cows are brushed every morning and that the udders and teats are cleaned with a dry cloth before milking. When the pails are full they are emptied into cans which stand outside the stable door. The full cans are removed to a small clean, well lighted wooden building which stands some distance from the stable. The milk is here strained, cooled by flowing over a "perfection" cooler, placed in small cans and distributed to the various dwellings on the village grounds. The milk room is not supplied with hot or cold water, nor with appliance for sterilizing cans and utensils. The water supply is obtained from artesian wells, about four hundred feet in depth, and distributed under pressure to each building. Meats, provisions and groceries are purchased in the market and I am informed by the superintendent that care is exercised in selecting the best grades of food for use in the institution. The following samples of food were taken from the store room and sent to the State Laboratory of Hygiene for analysis. Molasses, lard, butter and cider vinegar.

STATE REFORMATORY.

The New Jersey Reformatory is located near Rahway, and Joseph W. Martin is superintendent.
On the day of this inspection, November 7, 1904, there were 310 inmates.

The milk used in this institution is produced from eight cows which are stabled in a new two-story brick building 30x40x9 feet. The stable has a concrete floor with manure gutters which drain into the sewer. The building is well lighted by windows which may be opened for ventilation. The side walls and ceilings are smoothly finished. The second story is used for storing hay. The cows are cared for and milking is done by inmates of the institution detailed for that work. The colored man now assigned to the work informed me that cows are cleaned daily and that the hands of the persons who do the work are always washed before milking. About fifty quarts of milk are now produced daily which is divided into two parts directly after milking, and delivered to the two institution kitchens In the kitchen well about 18 feet deep, sunk in low ground bordering Matchaponix brook which I visited the milk was kept in an open vessel placed in a covered wooden sink, partly filled with water. In the new building, now under construction, in which the general dining hall and kitchen are to be located, provision is being made for adequate store rooms and a cold storage plant. The water supply for use in the institution is procured from the pubic supply of the city of Rahway. The following samples of food were taken from the store room of the institution and sent to the State Laboratory of Hygiene for analysis: Molasses, cider vinegar, extract of vanilla, oleomargarine and ground coffee.

STATE HOSPITAL FOR INSANE. At the New Jersey Hospital at Morris Plains on the day of this inspection, November 17th, 1904. There were 1,601 patients. Mr. M. K. Everitt is warden.

The institution has its own dairy, which produces all the milk consumed there. The cattle are examined at frequent intervals by a veterinarian and when new cows are added to the herd they are first tested with tuberculin. The dairy barn contains a floor space for cows 87x60 feet and has smooth plastered walls, above the wainscoting, and ceiling ten feet high. All interior woodwork is smooth and painted. In addition there are feed rooms, closet rooms for milkers, suits and stools, a room for cooling and storing milk, and the upper story of the barn is used for storing hay, which is brought into the cow stable through an opening in the ceiling. The stable is well lighted and affords about 700 cubic feet of air space for each of the 72 cows which it accommodates. The floors in the stalls are of wood and in all other parts of the building, together with the manure gutters and feeding troughs, are concrete. The manure gutters are drained to cement manure vaults located some distance from the building and the vaults are drained to the sewer. The floors were being scrubbed with a hose and brooms at the time of this inspection and I was informed that this method of cleansing is practiced daily. The dairy barn not being large enough to house all the cows, one of the two open sheds which adjoin the exercising yard, has been enclosed, fitted up and is now in use as a cow stable. There is about 550 cubic feet of air space for each of the thirty-four cows stabled in this building and the exposed frame work gives a rough interior finish, a style of construction which is difficult to keep clean and free from dust. In this barn the floors are of wood and cement and stable manure is dumped upon the ground at one end of the building. The cows were not in the cleanly condition, however, which might be expected from the clean appearance of the stables, a fact which was partly explained when some of them were seen to lie down on a spot in the exercising yard, where corn stalks are fed, and where the ground has become wet and unclean from the accumulation of manure. Mr. Wm. Nunn, head dairyman, informed me that the cows are never cleaned, which was quite apparent from the manure to be seen adhering to their bodies. Mr. Nunn further stated that the milkers wash their hands before milking and that the udders are cleaned by wiping with a dry cloth. The milkers wear washable white overalls and jackets, which are changed several times each week., but clean garment are not put on before each milking. After milking, the cans, which stand in the stable building during the operation, are taken to the milk room in the stable building and placed in a concrete vat, through which spring water flows and to which ice is added, to cool the milk. The covers are tilted on the cans and the vat has a wooden cover. From the vat room the milk is taken to the hospital buildings. In the main building, which I visited, the cans when received from the dairy are placed in a cooling vat in a room set aside for this purpose in the basement. Here the covers also remain tipped on the cans and in this room milk is dipped from the forty quart cans in which it is received, into coverless pitchers and mugs, holding one or two quarts each, in which it is sent to the dining halls or wards for use. The cans and utensils are washed in what is termed the " pot room" in the basement in which the pots and pans from the kitchen are also washed. The washing is done in a wooden sink, supplied with running hot and cold water, to which soap powder is added and the cans are scrubbed by hand, rinsed, wiped, inside and out, with a towel and placed in racks in the wash room where they remain uncovered for several hours before being returned to the dairy barns: The basement room in which the cans are washed is dark, and artificial light is necessary at all times and in it there is an odor peculiar to an underground room when used for such purposes. About nine hundred quarts of milk are daily produced and consumed in this institution and for its proper handling, care and protection against contamination the need of a suitable dairy room, separated and apart from other buildings and suitably equipped, in which the milk can be quickly cooled, bottled and stored is apparent. Proper facilities for. washing the cans and utensils are also lacking, which, to meet the reasonable requirements of an institution of this character ,should embrace appliances for the sterilization of all receptacles in which the milk is placed.

The water supply is obtained from four reservoirs located on grounds belonging to the institution, on one of which the ice supply is harvested. A sample of water taken for analysis was drawn from a tap in the main building which is supplied from the upper reservoir. Sample marked D-3,204. Beef is bought on the hoof and slaughtered on the institution grounds but the hogs which are raised thereon are sold alive. A large amount of farm and garden produce is raised on the grounds. Groceries are purchased in quantities to meet the requirements of the institution. The following samples of food were taken from the store room in the institution and forwarded to the State Laboratory of Hygiene for analysis: Extract of vanilla, extract of lemon, butter, ground mustard, ground pepper, ground cloves, molasses, syrup, ground allspice, lard and milk.

Annual Report of The Board of Health State of New Jersey; 1904, State Printers; 1905

FOR THE SCHOOLING OP THE POOR," 1813. Essex County
In 1813, without clear authority, the Newark Township Committee "Resolved, that $500 be raised for the schooling of poor children, to be placed in the hands of the town committee for said purpose." "Poor" and "charity" were the words most commonly applied to this innovation, and it is not strange that self-respecting parents were not inclined to take advantage of the blessings of free education. These poor pupils were placed in various pay schools about the town.

In 1822 the Female Union School was established by a number of charitable Newark women. The building was on Harrison street, the name for many years of the section of the present Halsey street between Market street and Spruce street. Thereafter this school was sustained by township money. From 1813, the beginning of township appropriations for the schooling of the poor, until 1829 the funds were derived directly from a township school tax. In 1828, however, the Legislature enacted a law authorizing the distribution of a portion of the State school fund among the several townships of the State. The annual appropriation by the State for this purpose increased steadily, year by year, until it has reached the tremendous proportions of to-day. The lack of proper educational facilities for the children of parents of straitened circumstances aroused the sympathies of philanthropic Newarkers. In 1830, Thomas Longworth died, leaving a considerable sum of money to be devoted to the care and education of the children of the poor. The other heirs objected to the bequest, and after a time the township committee effected a compromise, by which the township received $5,000 for the benevolent purpose just described. The income from this fund was used as intended until the late fifties, when, by a ruling of the Court of Chancery the fund was diverted for the benefit of the three orphan asylums then in Newark: the Newark Orphan Asylum, the Protestant Foster Home and St. Mary's Orphan Asylum. These three institutions receive the interest of this fund, divided equally, each year. In 1836, another generous Newarker, Stephen Sayres, left $4,000, the income of which was to be used for the education of the poor children of the city. The wording of the will was specific enough to permit the fund remaining with the Board of Education, which receives the interest, $240 annually, using it to pay a tiny fraction of the mountain-like expense account, and without attempting to pay it out for the education of poor children, as such. Still another fund, bearing the name of Tichenor, and amounting to about $2,300, was left for the same purpose, some time after the establishment of the city government. This, like the Longworth bequest, has for many years been used for the aid of the three orphan asylums already mentioned.
Source: History of the City of Newark New Jersey, Embracing Two and Half Centuries 1666-1913; Vol. II, Lewis Historical Publishing Co.; New York-Chicago; 1913

Newark City Home is for truant and wayward children, and is an auxiliary to the public school system of the city.

Almshouse Reports

MILLBURN TOWNSHIP ALMSHOUSE, ESSEX COUNTY.
Located 3 miles from Millburn. Consists of farm buildings and farm. Has 5 inmates, all old. Three of these have been in the institution for years, and two came within 4 years. Each inmate has a separate bed, and the females have separate rooms. There are two female inmates. Rooms heated by drum and stoves. Rooms small but comfortable. Water from well 75 feet deep. Closets emptied in spring. No inside closet arrangements. House-cleaning spring and fall. Inmates fed at separate table. Farm contains 80 acres, and partially supports the institution. Rooms for males large and comfortable. No special sickness during past year and no deaths. The rooms were well kept.

MONTCLAIR TOWNSHIP ALMSHOUSE, ESSEX COUNTY.
Situated at Montclair. Built 1870. Large wooden building. Number of inmates, twelve. Five females, six males und one infant. Each inmate has a separate room. Water is obtained from a well 60 feet in depth. Building heated by a furnace; no bath-tub; no hot-water arrangements. No inside closet; only one outside closet, which is used by both sexes. All eat in a common kitchen, fed at a common table. The Superintendent died September 17th, of this year. Clothing changed when necessary; under-clothing changed each week. Sink-water runs by a drain into a valley near by; slop-water is emptied into the closet. The institution is well managed. No special sickness during the year. There should be separate closets for each sex, a separate sitting-room for the males and bathing facilities should be furnished.

HAMILTON TOWNSHIP ALMSHOUSE, MERCER COUNTY.
Has six inmates; three men, one woman and two children. There is room for 12 inmates by putting two in a room. The sanitary condition is good.

HOPEWELL TOWNSHIP ALMSHOUSE, MERCER COUNTY.
Located near Hopewell. Has but five inmates, three men, one woman, and a colored boy nine years of age. Fourteen can be accommodated. The examination as to sanitary condition was satisfactory.

PRINCETON TOWNSHIP ALMSHOUSE, MERCER COUNTY.
Located at Mount Lucas, one and one-half miles from Princeton.
The main building is built of stone and the location is on an elevation. The soil is stony. The farm connected with the institution contains eighty acres. Water is obtained from a well thirty feet in depth. The cellar is dry and is used for kitchen and laundry purposes. Sink-water runs to a meadow well away from the house. No inside closets. No bathing facilities. Heating by stoves. Wood and iron bedsteads are used. There is an outside building with four rooms, which is used for inmates. It is one story, without cellar. Clothing is changed when necessary. There are four inmates two males and two females. The Superintendent died recently. The institution is well managed and all portions were cleanly.

MONTGOMERY TOWNSHIP ALMSHOUSE, SOMERSET COUNTY.
Located one and a half miles from Harlingen. Built sixty years ago. Consists of farm-house and farm of one hundred and eighteen acres. Last year a part was built for the inmates having four rooms for males and same number for females. Rooms are small, but well lighted. Water from well twenty-five feet deep; also use cistern water for drinking purposes in winter. Roof of tin. Heating by stoves. Rooms ventilated by windows only. Number of inmates, three. All males. Inmates work on farm, if able. No bathing facilities. No special sickness during the year and no deaths. The institution was cleanly throughout. There is need of better facilities for bathing. Aside from this the building is well arranged. A separate building is used for tramps, having wooden benches and heating arrangements only. We thus furnish these details in regard to all these institutions falling under State or local official care. It should be added as to the county asylums that, with the exception of those large enough to command all the details of organized asylum care, it would be better if they were discontinued. Their sanitary condition is examined into at the time of our almshouse examinations, and reveal, in the smaller ones, such defects as must arise in BO imperfect a system. There are eight in all, of which at least four, namely, those of Burlington, Cumberland, Gloucester and Salem are of this character. It can be said of our penal and charitable institutions in general that the last ten years witnesses great improvements in sanitary conditions as well as in other respects. The new jails for Atlantic and Sussex counties are well worthy of attention. A new jail at Cape May C. H. is arranged for. There is large room for improvement, especially in Burlington, Camden, Hudson and Warren counties. Experience' shows that as to all institutions thorough sanitary administration is most important for success as well as the cleanliness, and that continuous vigilance and skilled oversight are indispensable.

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH STATE OF NEW JERSEY, AND REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS. 1893; TRENTON. N. J.; 1893

ATLANTIC COUNTY ALMS-HOUSE.
Smith's Landing.
Atlantic county alms-house. Visited April 20th, 1888. Located at Smith's Landing. Steward, Joseph B. Turner. Physician, Dr. Somers. Large house and sixty acres of land. Number of inmates, eight men, eleven women, no children ; three nearly bedridden ; one deaf and dumb ; three defective. No special inquiry as to vaccination of adults. Bedsteads wood, and much of the furniture unfit. Underclothing furnished, but not much outside clothing. In some cases the garments worn were too greasy and old for use, and help to make the house uncleanly. No bath-tub in the house. No indoor closet arrangements. No disinfectants have been kept on hand. Outside closets well cared for. No cesspool, but slop and laundry-water runs through open drain out on surface a distance from the house. The wooden drain, and the continuous use of the same one for years, objectionable. Well kept. Water from a good well. Each room should have weekly inspection. As the house is large, every person should have a separate room. There is a separate part for men and women, with separate stairs, bat they have a common sitting-room down stairs, which is too crowded. Should be a sitting-room on second floor for women for sewing, and for being together. The furnace in cellar does not sufficiently heat the building. While it may suffice for those in bed, the two sitting-rooms each need a stove or other fire. There is a good fire-escape. There are no religious services, and the inmates are seldom visited. Records have been imperfectly kept. A new Steward had just moved in, and seems likely to conduct a thorough administration and oversight. The alms- house would accommodate about sixty. No outdoor help. Pauperism is diminishing in the county ; especially attributed to the anti-saloon sentiment.

REMARKS.—The chief need of the institution, in a structural way, is two bath-tubs for men and women, so located as to secure warm water. Various suggestions as to administration were made to the Steward, whom it is believed will make important changes in the of care and inspection.

CAMDEN COUNTY ALMS-HOUSE.
One and one-half miles from Blackwood.
Camden county alms-house. Visited April 25th, 1888.
Steward, C. F. Adams. Physician, Dr. Brennan. Ground, 146 acres. Buildings, brick. Basement for storage. Bedsteads mostly of iron. Sewers of vitrified pipe and ventilated outside of house; several indoor water-closets some hoppers; one or two out of order; all inside waste discharged into sewer. Water-supply from Spring Mill brook, carried to top of building; stored in tank. Heating by steam -low pressure ; radiators good except that ventilation needs to be carefully looked after, as the system of heating supplies no pure air. A few feeble-minded persons in alms-house. (There is outside help by townships and wards, but not by the county.) Proper separation of sexes. Some of the children have been taken to Children's Home at Camden. House in general good condition. Separate building for hospital; not kept as it should be for a hospital ; made too much of a convenience of bath-tubs are in the hospital; idea of hospital must be more fully carried out; should not be a place for anything else. Number of inmates, sixty-nine men ; forty-one women, including children ; twelve grown colored persons, three colored children; twelve white children under ten ; most of them infants. Number of births, ten-two of house maternity. Deaths, sixteen. Children all vaccinated. Bathing is required of all persons every two weeks.

REMARKS.—This alms-house has been greatly improved the last few years, and so far as structural arrangement and sanitary care are concerned is among the best. Asylum on same grounds as alms-house, but different officers, except the physician.
Had when visited 106 inmates—forty-four men, sixty- two women. Attendants—matron, two men and four women.
There is no classification, except that epileptics are kept separate. Thirty-three patients admitted since May 1st, 1887. Several colored patients.
REMARKS.—Some of the same defects found in most county asylums as to skilled care. The basement-rooms should have plank bedsteads for those who will not use ordinary beds. The water-closets should have better flush. The sewer should not run to or through outhouse.

CAPE MAY COUNTY ALMS-HOUSE.
Cape May county alms-house. Visited April 19th, 1888.
Steward, Eli Sayre. Physician, John H. Hand. Location, about one and a half miles from court-house. High and good location. Sixty acres farm land-200 in all.
Soil, loam and gravel. The buildings are of wood and very old, and have been added to from time to time. Walls, whitewashed. House very cleanly and well kept.
Many small rooms and winding stairs. No bath-tubs, but keeper particular to have none received until after full ablution.
Dish and laundry- water goes on the ground away from buildings. No indoor closet arrangements. Outdoor arrangements above ground and cleansed.
No cesspool. Disinfectants are kept on hand—chloride of lime and sulphate of iron. Water from wells. Catch rain-water for washing.
Fifteen now in house. Average last year, twenty to twenty-five. About equally divided as to sexes. At present three feeble-minded
women. Inmates well fed. Number of poor diminishing with decrease of liquor traffic. There is some outdoor relief—fifty cents a
week allowed. Cost per year for out-of-door relief, about $200. No children born in house of late years.
Two children there and sent to school. Five have died the past year, and ten in two years, mostly old inmates.
Moral condition well looked after. Funeral services at every death.
The Freeholders are now preparing to build an entirely new alms- house. Had a conference with the architect. Suggested several alterations in plan, but fear the new building will be planned after an imperfect one seen by the committee, and that it will not have some valuable and inexpensive additions.

REMARKS.—The alms-house has been well managed, considering many disadvantages in construction. Several years ago it was far more patronized than now. Children were not sent to the district school, but injured by being taught at the house. A great improvement was manifest as they came to mingle with ethers. It is very important in such institutions that the wife of the Steward be a house- keeper who has personal supervision of the rooms and the inmates, and that the keeper have patience, diligence and an orderly method of oversight. We see some great defects of management even where buildings are good, but here good oversight, by both the Steward and his wife, has made up for many structural defects.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY ALMS-HOUSE.
A report to the effect that there were an unusual number of deaths occurring, called for an investigation of the facts. The house was found in very good condition, and upon examination of the death certificates no one of the cases could be found which would indicate any bad sanitary condition as the cause of death. Most of the deaths were from old age, and it was only circumstantial that so many had occurred in so short a time. The institution is kept very cleanly and the results of good housekeeping are plainly visible. The chief objections in construction are 1st. Entire lack of provision for the ventilation of most of the apartments, except by windows, which the inmates insist on keeping closed. 2d. No provision for care of wash- water and kitchen waste, except by an open brick drain ; this is kept carefully flushed by the Superintendent, but has objectionable features. We have had letters of complaint from inmates. The asylum connected with the alms-house is in good order, and at the time of the visit contained but five inmates. The outbuildings were in good condition.

GLOUCESTER COUNTY ALMS-HOUSE.
Harrisonville, one mile, from, Clarksboro.
Gloucester county alms-house. Visited April 24th.
Steward, George G. Weatherby, Clarksboro, Gloucester county. Physician, Dr. Staiger, Harrisonville.
Ground, high and improved. Building, brick. Walls, whitewashed. Windows, high.
Children not vaccinated, but to be attended to this week. Spring and fall house-cleaning,
and good weekly care by Steward's wife. Clothing furnished if absolutely needed. Six bath-tubs. Bathing not enforced.
Laundry work in wash-house. Basement used for dining-rooms, slop-water goes into cesspool.
The laundry has a separate drain. Cesspool has three outside privies over it—a bad arrangement.

Water-supply—a spring, which feeds reservoir. Pump also used for drinking-water. Have cistern, but don't use it. Ventilation by windows only.
Water-closets very good, paragon hopper. Six closets, all in good condition. Heating, by furnace. No fire-places in bed-rooms.
Separate sitting-room for men and women, but relation of rooms and entry-ways in basement unfavorable to proper
separation. Inmates at present, thirty-two men, twenty women, seven children. In winter more. Five births within one year ; two
of patients who came within a few months. Ten deaths. There is also outside help by Overseer of the Poor. Inmates well fed.
Asylum, six inmates, all but one able to be around.

REMARKS.—The alms-house is well superintended, and the building for the most part suitable. The basement should be abandoned for present uses, or if not, a much more distinct separation made between sexes. The number of children born here is noticeable. The construction and location of basement-rooms do not admit of proper oversight. The bath-tub and closet arrangements are among the best in the State. House slops should never run into a vault or pit over which outbuildings are located.

MONMOUTH COUNTY ALMS-HOUSE.
Although Ocean county was set off from Monmouth, no division of the alms-house was made. It is owned jointly by Atlantic, Brick, Dover, Howell, Middletown and Wall townships. Three annual examinations of it have been made by Messrs. Hunt, Osborn and Health Inspector Mitchell. That of Dr. Mitchell being the last, we subjoin his report. The house has been described in a previous report. No provision has been made for ventilation except that afforded by doors and windows, and in cool weather these are kept tightly closed, they being under the control of the inmates, and not being regulated by the keeper. The air in the building suggests the odor from floors recently scrubbed with dirty water. The floors are uncovered, and their wide cracks contain the accumulations of three-quarters of a century. The open crevices in the floor permit the dust and dirt which is loosened and moved during sweeping and scrubbing to fall through upon the ceiling below, and from these sources the offensive odor which pervades the building appears to proceed. Wood-stoves are placed in several of the rooms, and they doubtless afford sufficient heat. In the basement are three rooms and a hall. One of these rooms is used as a sleeping-room by one of the inmates of the house. This room is 18x18x7. It has one door and two small windows. The floor rests upon the ground, and the wood is decayed in places. The air of this room is vile, and although I found the door and windows open, yet the musty, damp, rotten-wood odor was unendurable. I was told by the keeper -that the occupant of this room is suffering from incontinence of urine, and he is kept there because he makes a nuisance if allowed to occupy a room near other persons. There are several unoccupied rooms on the second floor of the house, and there is no good reason why this man, if he is decently attended, should not occupy one of these. Indeed, if he was cared for properly, he could occupy a room with other persons without creating offense. The room in which he now sleeps is unfit for human habitation.The privies, two in number, are situated about seventy-five feet from the dwelling. They have no vaults, but the excreta fall upon the surface of the ground beneath the privy building. They were found with large accumulations beneath the buildings, and water was standing about and beneath one of them. The custom appears to be to throw earth over the excrement occasionally, and to remove the mass in course of time, but the business is neglected, and odors proceeding from these places were abominable. In their present condition and location they constitute a nuisance. Northwest from the dwelling, and distant from it 210 feet, is a hog-pen 100 feet square. In this pen were about a dozen large hogs. The odors from this pen were as bad as hog-pen odors average. Between the privies on the east, and the hog-pen on the northwest, the dwelling receives odors which, in some seasons of the year and in certain conditions of the atmosphere, must be exceedingly disagreeable, and, in my judgment, dangerous to health. The water-supply is from a well near the kitchen door. Its surroundings lead me to suspect the purity of the water. I have obtained a sample of the water for analysis. The number of pauper inmates at present in the institution is twenty-nine. No serious sickness has occurred during the past year. J. Newman is keeper.

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH STATE OF NEW JERSEY, AND REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF VITAL STATISTICS. 1888. TRENTON. N. J.: 1888