CHAPTER XV
THE COUNTY SEAT: VILLAGE AND CITY OF SHEBOYGAN - POSTOFFICE - FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS - CARNEGIE PUBLIC LIBRARY - THE SCHOOLS - THE CHURCHES - INDUSTRIAL SHEBOYGAN-FRATERNAL ORDERS AND SOCIETIES - THE VILLAGE OF KOHLER.

VILLAGE AND CITY OF SHEBOYGAN
No especial attempt will be made to write any further of the history of Sheboygan town, as all that has been heretofore related of the early settlements in this part of the county takes in the town of Sheboygan. The men and women who took up their abode here were the pioneers of the village and they and their children made possible the building of the present flourishing and beautiful city.

The site upon which Sheboygan stands was early recognized as an ideal spot for the founding of a city and the hardy forerunners of the present industrious and ambitious people laid the foundation stones securely and well. The choice of this spot was a most excellent one. A magnificent natural harbor had already been provided by nature. The waters of Lake Michigan and the Sheboygan river were teeming with fish and the forests of pine and hardwoods were on every hand. The woodsman took to his ax and the fisherman his nets, and soon a village rose upon the shores of the lake and river, and the foundation of Sheboygan's great industrial interests was laid.

In 1845, a traveler on his way from Green Bay to Chicago wrote to an eastern paper his impressions of this locality, formed while passing Sheboygan on the lake. Among other things he said: "This I found to be a place about which not so much has been said, yet it is one of the most romantic and promising villages on the entire lake. More natural advantages center here to make this, in time, a large and splendid city, than any other place within my knowledge." How prophetic in his vision was the keen observer! The "Chair City" is a living, substantial, flourishing realization of the traveler's forecast.
Dr. J. J. Brown, one of the pioneer settlers and physicians, was a man of strong intellectual attributes, was always alive to the importance of things and had a true eye and appreciation for the useful and beautiful. Writing for the Sheboygan Mercury in 1846, he had the following to say of the future lake city:

"The Sheboygan lighthouse is the first that is made by vessels on their way up the lake and will be their last on their way down. Two piers with storehouses are already built to accommodate landing, etc., and some two thousand or three thousand cords of wood getting ready for steamboats. The village of Sheboygan is chiefly on the right bank of the river, with an elevation of about twenty feet. Its site is all that fancy could dictate; being high, level and dry, the soil a sandy loam covered with beautiful second growth pines, maples, etc. Never did nature furnish more splendid locations for private dwellings than are found in the suburbs of this village and they will not long remain unoccupied, for at the rapid rate of settlement, which this place has experienced for a few years past, it must be one of the most populous and important points on the lakes. In 1844 there were but seventy-five inhabitants; it now contains seven hundred, with almost all the comforts and conveniences of an eastern city."

There were few, if any, of the pioneers who came to the county that did not first appear in the settlement at Sheboygan. Many of them later on removed to Sheboygan Falls, Plymouth and other sections of the county. William Paine, however, after having built his mill near the Ashby place in 1834, erected a cabin that since found itself within the present confines of the corporation of Sheboygan. Later "General" Harrison put up a cabin on the south side of the Sheboygan river, but both he and Paine lost their property, their claims to the tracts of land not having been properly filed. Hence, their residence here was hardly long enough to designate them as permanent settlers in the village.
The plat of the village of Sheboygan was made in the winter of 1835-56 by William Trowbridge, for the owners of the land, George Smith, Daniel Wells, Jr., Daniel Whitney, Robert Forsythe and other alien speculators, and many of the lots were sold at public auction in Chicago, in June, 1836. Houses were built and the prospects of the town builders were quite flattering, until the panic of 1837, referred to in a former chapter.

In 1846 a village charter was granted by the legislature to the ambitious settlement and on the 9th day of February, 1846, an election was held, at which time the question of accepting the charter was submitted to the voters. Eighty-four votes were polled and seventy-nine of them were cast in favor of the proposition. At this first election the following officers were chosen: President, H. H. Conklin; clerk, Donald U. Harrington; treasurer, Van Epps Young; constable, Robert Watterson; trustees, William Farnsworth, J. L. Moore, Warren Smith, R. P. Harriman.

Among the most important acts of the new village legislative body was to levy a tax of six mills on the dollar to defray the expenses of erecting a "free bridge" across the Sheboygan river at Eighth street.
The village grew, schoolhouses, churches, store buildings, warehouses, commodious homes and mills were built. Of the latter, Messrs. Dean & Crossell put up the first grist mill in the village in 1851 and in December of that year the first grain was ground. This was a power mill and stood on the south side of the river, near its mouth. The first vessel to ply on the lakes from this port was built here by Captain Powell in 1845, and this marked the beginning of Sheboygan's great lake traffic.

THE CITY OF SHEBOYGAN
By 1853, and less than a decade since Sheboygan had taken on the dignities of a village government, her people had become of greater ambition and felt strong enough to assume greater responsibilities. In furtherance of this laudable ambition a city charter was granted and the first election under the charter was held April 5, 1853. The borough was divided into two wards. Following was the result of the first election: Mayor, H. H. Conklin; clerk, C. E. Morris; treasurer, Kasper Guck; marshal, George Throop; police justice, D. Manville; superintendent of schools, J. J. Brown. The aldermen were: First ward, G. H. Smith, James Feagan, John Dietzel; second ward, James Hogan, Joseph Schrage, John Gee. Since then the executive chair has been filled by the following: Michael Winter, 1881-1883; Thomas M. Blackstock, 1883-1885; James Bell, 1885-1887; John M. Saeman, 1887-1889; James Bell, 1889-1891; John M. Kohler, 1891-1893; Frank Geele, 1893-189595; Charles A. Born, 1895-1905; Theodore Dieckmann, 1905-1912.

At the time Sheboygan became a city there were only two wards, which cast at the first election 427 votes. The city was at this time without financial resources and industries were very much in their infancy. The mode of travel was by stage coach and freightage was by wagons. Traffic with eastern marts was by the lake, bridge piers extending into the lake being used by vessels touching at this port. Public improvements were a negligible quantity. In the years 1854 and 1855 considerable street grading was accomplished and the newly-created city saw a bright future and prosperity was the word until 1857, when the country was overwhelmed by a panic, from which it took the community over a decade to recover. The horizon did not show evidence of clearing until 1868-9, when the city's indebtedness was honorably readjusted by a compromise and a new era was inaugurated. Industries gained a new and grateful impetus, which has continued until the present day and Sheboygan is noted far and wide as an important manufacturing center. The two wards have been increased to eight, the least of which has a population almost equal to the population of the city at its inception. Railroad facilities have so developed that the community has connection with the outer world equal to its demands. Vast sums of money have been expended on the harbor and vessels of immense burthen may enter at any time in season. The bonds of the municipality find a ready and lucrative market. Well appointed and regulated fire and police departments, sewerage, paving, waterworks, electric and gas lighting systems, place the city in the front ranks with others of the state.

THE MUNICIPAL COURT
The municipal court of Sheboygan was created by law in 1887 and the tenure of its judges is four years. The jurisdiction of the municipal court is over "all actions of law, where the amount claimed shall not exceed the sum of $600 and to try and determine all criminal actions, when the crime was committed in said city; and that are not punishable by commitment to the state prison and to arrest and examine and to hold to bail all parties charged with other offense against the laws of the state as provided by law. And the said court and judge thereof shall also have exclusive jurisdiction of all offenses and actions under the charter of said city, and the ordinances, rules and by-laws of said city, and exclusive jurisdiction of all criminal trials and examinations for offenses committed within said city, subject to appeal to the circuit court of said county, and the statute of removal of causes, either civil or criminal, applying to justices of the peace, shall not apply to said judge of his court and there shall be no removal therefrom. He also has jurisdiction co-extensive with justices of the peace and powers to sentence and commit the same as a circuit judge or justice of the peace."

The first incumbent of the office of municipal judge was August Pott, who was elected in 1887 and served until 1895. His successor was Otto J. Trilling. Judge Trilling remained on the bench until 1903, when he gave place to the present incumbent, Judge John M. Giblin.

CITY HALL
Almost sixty years have passed since Sheboygan was first governed under a city charter, yet in that time there has been nothing done in the way of erecting a building for the use of municipal officers and safe keeping of the city's archives. During all these years the various departments of the city have been relegated to rented rooms in business blocks and at this time several of the city offices are on the second floor of the German Bank building, where each department crowds upon the other, from which confusion and inconvenience ensue. This state of things became intolerable and in the spring of 1912 the question of issuing $75,000 in bonds, for the erection of a city hall, was submitted to a vote of the citizens and was carried almost unanimously. For some years the city has owned a valuable building site on the corner of Center avenue and Ninth street, and here a magnificent $100,000 structure will soon stand, a monument to the progressive ideas of the taxpayers of Sheboygan, and their representatives in the present administration.

THE FIRE DEPARTMENT
A systematized, well-appointed fire department is one of the indispensable essentials of a modern city and in this respect Sheboygan is well up to the standard. Protection against fire was early considered by the citizens and along about 1854 or 1855 a hand pumping engine for fires was purchased for the volunteer fire company that had long been in existence. This engine was supplemented by another in 1866 and in 1872 a steam engine was procured, from which period it may be said the present paid department took its start. From time to time additions have been made to the paraphernalia of the department and today it is thoroughly equipped for fighting the destroying element. In 1907, a magnificent central fire station house was built on the corner of New York avenue and North Ninth street, which cost the city $20,000. Here is the office of the chief, Edgar Bedford, the electrician, Opera House Public Library, Samuel Fairweather, and the home of No. I Hose Company, of which John Burkard is captain; also Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1; Henry Traute, captain. No. 2 Hose Company is stationed at the corner of Indiana avenue and South Fourteenth street, Charles Brandt, captain. No. 3 Hose Company has its station at the corner of North Tenth street and Lincoln avenue, Frank zum Buttel, captain.

THE POLICE DEPARTMENT
It is certainly food for favorable comment to know that the city prison occupies but a part of a small frame building which bears the name of the police station. The writer visited this bastile one morning recently and discovered no tenant of the cell room. That speaks well for a city of 28,000 people and over one hundred saloons.

In 1860, seven years after Sheboygan became a city, there was a population of 4,262. At the start the city had two wards, and they were sparsely inhabited. Today, there are eight wards, which have 26,398 inhabitants, taking the United States census as an authority. The city has grown steadily and substantially and ranks high in all the attributes of the modern municipality. The people are industrious and prosperous, have high ideals as to mental and physical culture, are a church-going, law-abiding citizenry; and their civic taste for the best in all that goes towards the making up of a high-class community is apparent on every hand.

The need of a large police force has never been realized and today the police pay roll of the city is comparatively a small one. The department is made up of twelve men, which includes the chief, August Scheck, a lieutenant, desk sergeant, driver of patrol wagon and day and night patrolmen. The equipment of the department includes a patrol wagon and an ambulance. At present the police station is in a frame building on the corner of Center avenue and Ninth street.

THE WATERWORKS
On November 16, 1886, the American Water Works & Guaranty Company was granted a franchise by the city council of Sheboygan, to construct a system of waterworks. The works were built and within one year thereafter there were twenty-nine miles of pipes laid by the company and about 250 fire hydrants. By and under the franchise the city was given the privilege of purchasing the plant every five years during the life of the franchise. This privilege was taken advantage of and as early as the year 1899, a committee was appointed by council, composed of F. A. Dennett, Carl Zillier, Henry Luther, Paul Krez and Theodore Dieckmann, "to investigate the feasibility of purchasing the city waterworks and the manner of raising money to pay for the same." This committee was kept in existence until the final act in the project was completed. Prior to the year 1905, the city had made an offer to buy the waterworks, which was rejected and then plans were made by the authorities to build a plant of its own. This led the City Water Works Company to reconsider the city's proposal to buy and on February 13, 1905, the city was notified that the plant would be turned over to the city on the payment of $360,000 in cash. This proposition was accepted and, in accordance therewith an ordinance was passed by the council, September 27, 1907, for the issuance of $360,000 twenty-year bonds, bearing five per cent interest, payable semi-annually. The city had performed every act imposed by law in the premises. The question of buying the plant had been submitted to a vote of the people and was carried by a vote of six to one. Provision had been made for securing the purchase price and, according to the conditions demanded by the water company, on the second day of January, 1908, Mayor Dieckmann, John M. Steimle, city clerk, members of the City Water Works Commission and the city's legal representatives, met the president of the water company, J. H. Purdy, and the company's secretary, Roy J. Miller, at the place appointed and there notified the company's representatives that the city desired to examine the records of the company, to ascertain if all legal requirements had been observed by the company, in the proceedings for the transfer of the property. This the company refused to do and then the city brought action against the company for specific performance of contract.

In October, 1908, the company offered to settle the matter in litigation, by turning over the plant to the city for $425,000, on condition that the city dismiss its suit against the company. This offer was not acceded to and a few days later the company proposed that the city pay $385,000, plus $30,000, the latter sum being the agreed value of extensions and improvements made since 1905. After considerable controversy in the council and outside opposition, this proposition was accepted by the council and the matter submitted to the people at a special election, held February 4, 1909. The result of the election is given below and speaks for itself:

THE VOTE
Yes No
1st ward 407 128
2d ward 200 80
3d ward 109 44
4th ward 327 82
5th ward 404 25
6th ward 238 18
7th ward 275 43
8th ward, 1st precinct 259-34
8th ward, 2d precinct 415-30
Total Yes & No cast 2,634--484

By the election returns it was plain to be seen that the people can do business for themselves when given a chance. They demonstrated, in no unequivocal language, their desire for the waterworks on the terms set forth and by their voice of approval the authorities were fortified and went ahead and closed the deal.

Since coming into possession of this valuable utility the city has made a number of changes and improvements. The intake, which had been out in the lake at a distance of 1,800 feet from the shore, has been extended to 5,000 feet and now the intake is at a depth of forty-six feet, on the bottom of Lake Michigan, while theretofore it was at a depth of twenty-six feet. This insures pure, sparkling, ice cold water at all seasons of the year. Another improvement of vast benefit was the construction of an intercepting sewer, from the main sewer on Michigan avenue, which had its outlet directly into the lake, to the Sheboygan river, thus diverting that part of the city's refuse from the lake to the river and by so doing preventing the pollution of the lake water.

The city authorities claim the waterworks at the price paid, was a good investment, and that it is an earning proposition that will in a few years pay for itself. That the number of consumers is steadily increasing and the interest on the bonds, which sold at a premium of $2,500, is being met promptly when due and money besides is being constantly placed in a sinking fund for the lifting of each bond when payment thereof is due. The buildings, pumps and mains are in good repair and only one mishap has occurred, that of the falling down, in January, 1912, of the 140-foot water tower. This will not be replaced, as water is now pumped by direct pressure into emergency reservoirs.

THE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
A well-devised, properly constructed sewerage system is essential to the health and well being of a community, especially given over largely to manufactories. Sheboygan has many factories of various descriptions, which require an outlet for refuse matter that continually accumulates in large quantities. Business establishments and residences cannot be kept in good sanitary condition, unless properly arranged with outlets for waste fluids that contaminate and breed disease. To meet the needs of a growing city a system of sewage was inaugurated here in 1889, which combines for storm and sanitary purposes and needs. And, the natural topography of the land admitting of splendid drainage, the system in Sheboygan can be well said to be almost perfect.

The first sewers were built on Jefferson avenue and North Eighth street, in 1889, and since then the city has been cobwebbed with drains, varying in sizes from 4x5 feet concrete sewers to eight-inch pipe. At this writing there have been laid approximately fifty miles of sewers, at the approximate cost of $450,000. These sewers have for their outlets Lake Michigan and the Sheboygan river.

STREET PAVING AND SIDEWALKS
Sheboygan is a city of beautiful and well-paved streets and in 1912 many more of the thoroughfares will be curbed and paved in a substantial manner. The first paving done in the city was in 1890 and was constructed of cedar block, on a plank foundation. This work was done on North Eighth street from Jefferson to Michigan avenues, but in 1906 the cedar blocks were removed and replaced with brick on a concrete foundation. To date (1912) the amount of brick paving in the city is fifteen blocks; cedar black, fourteen blocks; concrete, twelve blocks; macadam, one hundred and fifty blocks, or in all, 326 blocks, which cost the taxpayers approximately $600,000. For the information on paving and sewage the writer is indebted to C. U. Boley, city engineer and member of the board of public works.

CEMETERY AND PARKS
The city has for many years owned and maintained a cemetery-Wildwood-on Wildwood avenue. The original plat covered about forty acres, to which has been recently added another forty acres. The grounds are well kept and are among the beauty spots of the city. Other cemeteries are the Catholic, North Tenth street and city limits; Hebrew, Upper Falls road; Lutheran, west of extension of North Eighteenth street; St. Peter Claver, south end of South Twelfth street.

As to sidewalks of Sheboygan, the miles and miles of them have not been accurately computed. Suffice it to say, practically all of them are of concrete and well made. The days of plank and brick sidewalks are numbered.

PLACES OF AMUSEMENT
Sheboygan has an opera house in which her citizens take a great pride. It is a beautiful building, both from an exterior and interior view-point, and cost the subscribers to stock issued $45,000. It is conveniently located, on the corner of New York avenue and Seventh street. This play house was opened November 3, 1903, under the management of W. H. Stoddard, who presented to an admiring public "The Burgomaster," in one of the prettiest theaters in Wisconsin.

The Majestic theater was built quite recently and the house is an ornament to North Eighth street. While its stage is arranged for acting by people in the flesh, the attractions to a large patronage are entirely of moving pictures of a high order. There are other moving picture houses in the city of lesser importance.

BUSINESS MEN'S ASSOCIATION
The first organization of business men of Sheboygan, for the purpose of advertising the virtues and beauties of the city and attracting thereby industries and inhabitants, known to the writer was the Sheboygan Business Men's Association, which was organized and incorporated in September, 1885. The officers were: President, H. S. Barrett; vice president, J. M. Kohler; recording secretary, J. D. Stearns; corresponding secretary, Francis Williams; treasurer, W. J. Rietow; directors, Carl Zillier, W. H. Seaman, J. L. Mallory, G. B. Mattoon, J. T. Dillingham. The members were as follows: Carl Zillier, W. J. Rietow, H. A. Barrett, J. G. End, William H. Seaman, G. L. Holmes, Thomas McNeill, Emil Clarenbach, W. D. Crocker, R. E. Crocker, J. D. Stearns, E. E. Pantzer, J. T. Dillingham, George Heller, E. B. Garton, M. H. Wilgus, John Bodenstein, Adam Imig, George End, E. Lohmann, Henry Scheele, Jr., William Schrage, J. J. Hanchett, C. H. Roenitz, R. W. Billett, O. E. Sully, D. Jenkins, Jacob J. Vollrath, A. J. Vollrath, J. L. Mallory, D. Gibbs, Frank Williams, Felix Benfey, W. H. Gunther, J. M. Kohler, William Elwell, William S. Elwell, Julius Kroos, H. N. Ross, George E. Frost, F. Oetking, Jr., J. Mallmann, F. Lawrence, F. Geele, C. Wolf, E. L. Debell, John Gerend, W. H. Burk, V. Detling, C. B. Jones, O. E. Karste, R. S. Elwell, M. R. Zaegel, A. Bachmann, A. F. Lebermann, Thomas O. Stearns, V. J. Luin, J. H. Mead, W. Calhoun, Clark Putnam, George B. Mattoon, F. L. Roenitz, Carl Muth, John R. Riess, C. A. W. Vollrath, William Braasch, E. G. Haylett, J. DeSmidt, Joseph W. End, Christian Ackermann, Emil H. Keller, W. C. Thomas, William Geele, Charles Grasse, John Thompson, A. D. Crocker, G. A. Bettelhauser, A. D. Barrows, O. H. Clark, Arthur F. Winter, J. C. Hoch, T. M. Blackstock, Michael Winter, E. J. Stewart, Albert H. Wright, Charles W. Kneevers, Frederick P. Reiss, Christian Eckhardt, E. H. Ruemmele, W. Kunz, J. O. Thayer, John Stehn, Frederick Hoppe, G. J. McGraw, M. C. Patten, A. L. Weeks, Jr., John Griffith, Nathan Cole, M. Bodenstein, John M. Saeman, H. W. Trester, E. P. Ewer, Jacob Imig, W. T. Davis, E. R. Richards, William Weeks, C. Reiss, Frank Flath, Charles Whiffen, C. Imig, J. Mogenson, H. von Kaas, H. D. Otten, W. D. Halsted, L. K. Howe, J. L. Hart, P. Baltz, Stewart Conover, F. Pape, E. Nehrlich, G. C. Cole, Frederick Karste, Otto Foeste, Otis Clark, J. Shufflebotham, R. Q. Johnson, O. Mattoon, A. O. Smith.

In 1909, after a lapse of some years, the association was reorganized under the old name, and William A. Pfister was elected president, and Otto Aldag, secretary. These gentlemen are still performing the duties of these offices and the association, being alive to the virtue of advertising and continual advertising, is doing some valiant work in acquainting the business world with the many advantages of Sheboygan and offering inducements to worthy enterprises to come to the city and set up their stakes for a permanent abiding place. The membership of the association is large and enthusiastic for anything good that will "boom" Sheboygan.

THE POST OFFICE
The mails to Sheboygan were first brought here by what may be justly termed a rural mail carrier, who trudged afoot the entire distance from Green Bay to Chicago, with his pack upon his back, accompanied by an Indian guide. The round trip consumed two months' time and the mail carrier was paid $60 a month for his services. The mail route at that time, the early "thirties," was an Indian trail, that only hit the lake in but three or four places between Green Bay and Chicago, Sheboygan was one of them.
The postoffice at Sheboygan was first established between 1836 and 1839, being changed from Brown county and named Chebowagan. On April 18, 1836, William Paine was appointed postmaster at Chebowagan, the name of the office being so designated by the department at Washington. Paine took care of what little mail arrived in the settlement until July 21, 1836, about three months, when his successor was appointed, in the person of Joel S. Fisk, who served until November 25, or four months, and then Charles D. Cole took up the arduous (?) duties of handling "Uncle Sam's" business.

Some time between the years 1836 and 1839, not exactly shown by the records of the postal department at Washington, the name of this office was changed from Chebowagan to Sheboygan and has ever so remained.

After the panic of 1837, the village of Sheboygan was practically deserted and, on November 20, 1839, the postoffice was discontinued and moved to Sheboygan Falls. On October 25, 1844, the office was re-established here and Samuel B. Ormsbee was the appointee. His successors have been the following:
Jairus Rankin, June 7, 1845; Elias H. Howard, August 31, 1847; Edward Gilman, January 18, 1849; George W. Gillett, December 21, 1849; Warren Smith, February 24, 1853; Alfred Marschner, February 4, 1857; John J. Brown, April 17, 1861; Alfred Marschner, September 20, 1864; William W. King, June 8, 1869; J. L. Marsh, December 11, 1873; Nathan Cole, September 23, 1882; Carl Zillier, August 9, 1886; William J. Mallmann, December 23, 1890; Carl Zillier, January 10, 1895; C. H. Maynard, February 15, 1899; Edith L. Maynard, June 18, 1903; Edward B. Mattoon, January 13, 1908. He died May 26, 1911, since which time his widow, Mrs. Emma G. Mattoon, has been acting postmistress.

Many changes have taken place in the manner of handling and transporting mail, since the first postoffice was established at Sheboygan. Trains, that travel over massive steel rails, at the rate of sixty miles an hour, arrive in the city daily and more than one of them at that. In the pioneer days a letter was not carried for less than ten cents and often the charges were as high as twenty-five. This was demanded before the delivery of the precious document. Finally, the government established a system of mailing stamps and later additional mailing facilities in the way of penny postage-the postal card.
Today, the farmer, as well as the merchant, has his mail, including the daily paper, brought to his door, city mail carriers being first started on their rounds while Carl Zillier was postmaster, in the '80s, there being four carriers at first. Now there are seventeen. A few years later rural free delivery routes were established and at this time five branch out from this city. A splendid federal building was erected in 1894, at a cost of $32,000, to which an addition was placed, in 1907, costing $26,000.

In 1911 a postal savings bank department was inaugurated at this office, which is meeting the anticipations of its projectors. The amount of business has increased from year to year and this condition has continued even up to the past fiscal year, when the office showed the gratifying amount of $69,650.75. In the year past the office issued in money orders $113,269.47 and paid out on money orders presented, the sum of $100,888.23.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
THE GERMAN BANK
James H. Mead came to Sheboygan, June 14, 1856, from Findlay, Ohio, where he had been engaged in the banking business, to organize the German Bank, which opened its doors to patrons, July 1, 1856. He was one of the organizers of the Phoenix Chair Company and its first president. He was also president of the Crocker Chair Company and one of its incorporators.

The German Bank is one of Sheboygan's strong institutions and has done much to make the city what it is. The bank has witnessed the evolution of the city from the settler's cabin to the present magnificent operations in commercial strength and architectural beauty. It was owing to the efforts of the bank that the first manufacturing plant of any magnitude was placed here. Its officers have always fostered and financially sustained manufacturing industries and other sources of gain to the community. It is the oldest and largest bank in the county. The capital stock is $250,000; surplus, $350,000; undivided profits, $54,000; deposits, $2,993,500. The officers are: F. Karste, president; F. Williams, vice president; George Heller, cashier; Otto Kaufmann, assistant cashier. Directors, F. Karste, F. Williams, George Heller, A. P. Steffen, H. Scheele, Jr.

The building stands on the corner of Eighth and Center avenue and while it was built thirty years ago, it is still admired for its architectural beauties.

BANK OF SHEBOYGAN
This is one of the powerful financial institutions of the county and was established in 1873 as the First National Bank, by J. H. Dow, of Plymouth, Casper Pfister, John Bertschy, James Bell, C. F. Arpke, F. R. Townsend, H. F. Piderit and L. W. Tillotson. It was capitalized at $50,000. The first officers were: F. R. Townsend, president; John Bertschy, vice president; H. F. Piderit, cashier.

The bank continued under its charter as the First National until 1879, when it was reorganized as the Bank of Sheboygan, under a state charter. The capital stock was $50,000. The former officers were retained until 1880, when H. F. Piderit died and Julius Kroos succeeded him as cashier, In 1881 F. R. Townsend died and George End was elected president. Mr. End continued at the head of the institution until 1905, the year of his death, when Julius Kroos succeeded him in the presidency, and Adolph Pfister, who had been assistant cashier since 1890, was elected cashier. At the same time Joseph L. Pfeiler assumed the duties of assistant cashier.

In 1906 the capital stock was increased to $100,000, and from the start the bank has done a large business. In 1875 its deposits were $212,000; 1880, $222,000; 1885, $383,000; 1890, $487,000; 1900, $1,171,000; 1912, $2,263,000. The present officers are: Julius Kroos, president; William H. Gunther, vice president; Adolph Pfister, cashier; Joseph L. Pfeiler, assistant cashier.

Years of growth and prosperity made the quarters of the bank inadequate and it was decided to erect a new building. A great deal of time was spent in arriving at the best results in modern bank construction. A building was erected on the west side of North Eighth street and is one of the show places of the city. The front is of classic design, 53 feet wide by 50 feet high, and the structure extends 110 feet from front to rear. The beautiful pediment rests upon two heavy pilasters of ashlar construction, supported by two monoliths 29 feet in height, forming a portico of liberal dimensions, which greatly adds to the architectural effect. The entire front is constructed of Cherokee Georgia marble, a material unsurpassed by anything for beauty and durability. The entrance opens into a vestibule constructed of English veined Italian marble, with a beamed ceiling of polished mahogany, in the center of which is a dome finished in gold leaf, with concealed lighting, making a most pleasing effect. On the right of the vestibule facing the loggia is the president's room, and on the left is provided a ladies' parlor. After passing through the vestibule one enters upon a spacious lobby 20 feet wide by 40 feet long, on either side of which are provided cages, also the officers' quarters and the ladies' department. Back of a heavy steel grill at the rear are vaults, three in number, including a safety deposit vault. There are also well arranged quarters for the employers, equipped with gymnasium and shower baths. Mural paintings which occupy the half-round panels at either end of the banking room proper represent in one the beginning of the struggle for the establishment of civilization in the neighborhood of Sheboygan; and the other is an apotheosis of the industrial and commercial spirit which has triumphed over so many obstacles and made Sheboygan the thriving, prosperous center of business and manufacturing that she is today.

The Bank of Sheboygan may be said to be a continuation of the old Bank of Sheboygan, which was started by Francis R. Townsend and others in 1852 and which continued in business until 1869, when it went out of business. W. W. King was its president, and Francis R. Townsend, cashier. After an interim the First National Bank was organized in 1873 and, upon reorganization the old name was adopted and has been retained to the present time. ,

THE CITIZENS STATE BANK
The Citizens State Bank was organized in 1896 by John Mogenson, C. B. Freyberg, E. B. Garton, Emil Ladwig, C. A. Crawford and others. It is capitalized at $50,000. The bank first began doing business on the corner of Eighth and Pennsylvania avenue and remained there until it moved into its new quarters on North Eighth street, between Center and New York avenues, which occurred March 7, 1910.
The first officers were: John Mogenson, president; Emil Ladwig, vice president; C. A. Crawford, cashier; P. M. Reuter, assistant cashier. J. P. Jagodnigg succeeded Mr. Crawford as cashier December 1, 1896, and Henry Hillemann followed him in that office December 1, 1899. July I,

1907, J. W. Hansen bought Mr. Hillemann's interest and became cashier and for the following six months acted in the capacity of president.

January 1, 1908, Henry Jung was elected to the presidency. June 1, 1908, the capital stock was increased from $50,000 to $75,000, and June 1, 1909, to $100,000. The present officers are: Henry Jung, president; J. W. Hansen, cashier; D. W. Huenink, assistant cashier. The capital stock is $100,000; surplus and undivided profits, $40,000; deposits, $665,000.

The handsome new $50,000 building which was occupied in 1910, is one of the handsomest devoted to the purpose in this section of the state. It is distinguished for the good taste manifested in construction, adornment and appointments, the exterior and interior being harmonious throughout in equipment and decoration. The front is classic in design, built of Bedford stone, with two large pillars. The main entrance opens into a vestibule wainscoted with Greek Skyros marble. From the vestibule the visitor steps into the main lobby. The entire banking room, including this lobby, is 36x50 feet in size and 26 feet high.' The main banking room is finished in mahogany and marble, the decorations are in tan and ivory shades, with gold leaf trimmings. The other appointments are in harmony with the beautiful structure. The vaults are of modern construction, which means they are burglar and fire-proof and the safety deposit vault is all that the many patrons of the concern could desire.

FARMERS AND MERCHANTS BANK
The Farmers and Merchants Bank was established in 1905 and was opened for business on December 10th of that year. Its business has steadily increased and the stockholders find their money has been well invested. The capital stock is $50,000. The officers are: President, W. J. Schafer; vice president, Charles Hanf; cashier, O. C. Neumeister.

The bank building stands on the corner of Eighth street and Michigan avenue and was planned by Architect Charles Hilpertshauser, of Sheboygan. It is neat, but very attractive, constructed of glazed, pressed red brick and Bedford sandstone. The arrangement of the material makes the building a handsome one, while the style is appropriate to the use for which the structure is devoted. It is of the renaissance type. The interior is fully in keeping with the exterior. The fixtures are of oak and the floor is tile with a border of marble. The building is 60 feet long, 25 feet wide and two stories high.

ST. NICHOLAS HOSPITAL
The first hospital and the only one in the city is St. Nicholas, the building of which was thrown open to the public May 9, 1890, and to Rev. Father Thill, pastor of Holy Name church, and others, may be given the credit for its inception and completion. The first quarters of the institution was a brick building at the corner of Superior avenue and Ninth street, owned by a retired priest, Father Strickner. It was commodious and serviceable, and the Working Men's Aid Society, which had taken the initiative in promoting the enterprise and who had raised the first money through entertainments and other means, was soon satisfied that their worthy labors had not been in vain. On the date herein mentioned, four Catholic sisters of Springfield, Illinois, took charge of the hospital and from that day to the present the institution has proved a real boon to Sheboygan and vicinity. It was not long, however, before the capacity of the building was taxed to its utmost, so much so that a larger building was considered indispensable. By 1907 a handsome three story structure built of red brick, was erected and was formally opened in February of that year. And through the munificence of business men and bighearted citizens of Sheboygan, the various wards in the hospital were furnished. The furniture dealers donated articles for the halls. The Phoenix Chair Company and the Woman's Charity Club made valuable contributions and through the officers of the Catholic Charity Club an attractive grotto was placed on the hospital grounds. Others who donated to the furnishings were: Northern Furniture Company, in memory of Walter Liebl; the C. Reiss Coal Company, Woman's Relief Corps, Sheboygan Chair Company, Thomas McNeill, Knights of Columbus, Catholic Knights of Wisconsin, Catholic Foresters, Dr. O. J. Gutsch, Gustav Huette, Mrs. Clemens Reiss, Jennie Mead Circle, King's Daughters, T. M. Blackstock, William Braasch, in memory of George End; Mrs. Herman Schreier, H. C. Prange Company, St. Elizabeth's Ten, Crocker Chair Company, Barrett & Dennett, Mrs. Dr. Fiedler, of Eaton, Wisconsin, in memory of her mother, Mrs. Morris; Silver Cross Circle, M. Winter Lumber Company, the Mueller Lumber Company, Art Furniture Company and the Parlor Furniture Company.

CARNEGIE PUBLIC LIBRARY
One of the earliest successful efforts to organize a public, or semipublic, library in Sheboygan was that of the members of the First Congregational church, who gathered together about seven hundred volumes of standard and miscellaneous literature for the church library and the general use of the public. This library was transferred to the Sheboygan Library Association, a corporation chartered in 1880, the first officials of which were: William H. Seaman, president; George End, vice president; L. D. Harvey, secretary; A. Rabe, Jr., treasurer; Frank Stone, librarian. One hundred and twelve shares of stock, at the par value of ten dollars each, were sold and the innovation started out with bright prospects and a collection of over one thousand books, which with the periodicals and daily papers gave to the reading public a long-felt want.

The present public library had its commencement in the summer of 1897 when the common council appropriated for the support of a library for the ensuing year the sum of $1,316. Under the law the mayor then appointed a board of library directors which organized July 12, 1897. Library rooms were obtained in the Foeste building on North Eighth street, and an active canvass was made to obtain funds for the purchase. This canvass resulted in obtaining $1,474 m subscriptions, of which about $800 was obtained through the efforts of the Woman's Club. Miss Mary
E. Gale was employed to install the library and Miss Katharine Buchanan was employed as the regular librarian.

In March, 1901, Mr. Carnegie, in response to a request made by F. A. Dennett, offered to give $25,000 for a library building if the city would appropriate $2,500 annually for the support of the library. The common council passed a resolution in May, 1901, accepting Mr. Carnegie's gift and providing for the annual appropriation required. When the board of directors called for plans it was found that $25,000 was too small an amount with which to construct an adequate building, and Mr. Carnegie was asked to increase his gift to $35,000. This he agreed to do in March, 1902, upon the city increasing its annual appropriation to $3,500.

Patten & Miller, of Chicago, were employed as architects and in July, 1902, their plans for the present building were accepted. Bids for the building were opened September 10, 1902, and the contracts were let a few days after. The building with all furniture and book stacks cost about $500 more than the amount given for that purpose by Mr. Carnegie.

The first board of directors was composed of A. W. Pott, Paul Reuther, 0. B. Joerns, M. R. Zaegel, E. H. Sonnermann, Ernst Aldag, W. H. Gunther, George Heller, Henry Schilder and Francis Williams. In 1899 Mr. Heller, who held his position by virtue of being superintendent of schools, resigned as such superintendent and the new superintendent, H. F. Leverenz, took his place on the board. In 1902, Messrs. Zaegel and Sonnemann resigned and Messrs. Carl Zillier and Thomas McNeill were appointed in their places. Carl Zillier is at present, president of the board; Francis Williams, secretary. The librarians have been: Katharine Buchanan, from the organization to May, 1900; Bertha Rombauer, May 1900, to April, 1901; Bertha Marx, April, 1901, to the present time, 1912.

The Carnegie Public Library building is plain though pleasing in its architectural lines and stands on the corner of North Seventh street and New York avenue. The formal opening of the handsome structure occurred Saturday, January 30, 1904, and was attended by appropriate and impressive ceremonies. This public institution, made possible by the generous benefaction of the great iron master, is the pride of Sheboygan and its citizens are generous in their patronage. The library shelves now contain about 13,000 volumes.

HISTORY OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF SHEBOYGAN
The following brief extracts taken from the school records on file may recall many interesting facts to some of the old residents who have labored so faithfully in the upbuilding of this city and who in their busy lives have never forgotten to provide educational advantages for their children. The younger generation will see from this brief history that interest in public education is not a matter of the last decade but that the earliest settlers of Sheboygan were much concerned in it and ready to provide the best at their disposal.

The purpose of this history is also to show briefly that our busy manufacturing city has, in its efforts and scramble for commercial recognition, never neglected its schools. It will be noticed that room has been provided for school purposes whenever there was a demand for it, courses of study have been adopted and changed as the advancement of schools called for, and that a progressive attitude toward its public schools has always been maintained. Not every new "fad" was taken up in the course of instruction nor was every new educational scheme incorporated into our school system, but the board of education was never behind the times in giving careful consideration to everything that would promote the best interests of our schools.

EARLY ORGANIZATION OF SHEBOYGAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Record of proceedings in School District No. 1, in Sheboygan county.
October 29, 1840.
In pursuance of the 3d section of an Act of the Legislature of Wisconsin, approved the 13th of January, 1840, entitled, "An Act to provide for the support of Common Schools and for other purposes, the inhabitants of town 15 north and range 23 east, petitioned county commissioners of Sheboygan county to set apart a school district of a portion of said territory, which petition was granted and the following order of notice for a meeting of the legal voters in said district was duly posted up, viz: 'Notice is hereby given to the legal voters of School District No. 1 that an election will be held at the schoolhouse in Sheboygan, on Thursday the 29th day of October, at 10 o'clock A. M., for the purpose of electing a Clerk, Collector and three Trustees for said District and to transact such business as may be deemed proper when met.'"
Commissioner's Office, Sheboygan Falls, October 20, 1840.
Charles D. Cole,
Clerk, B. C. C.

Whereupon the voters assembled on the said 29th day of October and the following are the proceedings of said meeting, viz:

At a meeting of the qualified voters of school district No. 1 at the schoolhouse in the town of Sheboygan on the 29th day of October, 1840, in pursuance of previous notice having been given, Stephen Wolverton Esq., was chosen moderator; Benjamin H. Moore, clerk; Hugh M. Ritter, collector; John Russell, Alva Rublee and Stephen Wolverton, trustees.
On motion of B. H. Moore a tax was levied agreeable to the Statute, in School District No. 1, for the use of schools in said district of two hundred dollars, the vote was taken by yes and noes as follows: Alva Rublee, yes; B. H. Moore, yes; S. H. Farnsworth, yes; Stephen Wolverton, yes; Hugh M. Ritter, yes; John Russell, yes; John Johnson, yes. Being all the voters present.

I certify the above is a true copy of the proceedings of this meeting, exclusive of the By Laws for the regulation and government of said school district and school which are annexed hereto.
B. H. Moore,
Clerk of District.

The following are some of the rules and regulations governing the schools which were adopted by the voters.
2. That the Trustees be required to keep a School in operation be a qualified and certified teacher so long as the public monies and subscriptions by the patrons of the school for the time being will warrant.
3. The trustees may expel any scholar from school for disorderly and unbecoming conduct.
4. The Trustees may close the school and dismiss the teacher upon the advice of a majority of the patrons of the school.
6. All the officers of said district Trustees, Collector and Clerk shall make a report once a year at the annual meeting (and oftener if thereto required by a district meeting) of the transactions of their several departments for the year preceding, with a statement of the monies then on hand and of the probable and certain resources of the district for the next year.
7. The annual election for Clerk, Collector and Trustees shall be held at the schoolhouse on the last Thursday in October in each year at ten o'clock A. M. and six days' notice hereof shall be given by the Clerk by posting up notices in three public places of which the schoolhouse door shall be one. The old officers of the year shall hold over until, after the annual report required by the preceding section.
8. That the Trustees be authorized to spend fifty dollars of monies expected to be raised in this district by tax for the purchase of a district school library to be comprised of such books and instruments as are purchased and used for district school libraries in the state of New York.
9. That the trustees be required to estimate the probable amount of wood and the expense of preparing the same for use in the schoolhouse for the term of any school and to assist and apportion the same to each scholar and to notify the parents and guardians of such scholars thereof who may furnish the same in full of any claim upon him and such as refuse or neglect to furnish the same shall be taxed therefore and the same shall be collected by the Collector of the district upon the order of the Trustees.
10. That for every quarter's schooling within this district the patrons of the school residing within the district shall be required to pay about half the expenses thereof unless it shall be ordered otherwise by a district meeting, and such scholars as may attend from other districts shall be charged for full tuition as no public money can be drawn on their account.
13. That any two of the trustees shall form a quorum to do business notwithstanding all shall be advised and consulted upon the propriety of employing any particular teacher and all orders for the payment of money shall be signed by at least two of the Trustees.
15. The Trustees are authorized to make such rules and regulations for the school and teacher for the time being as they may deem advisable, subject, however, to such alterations or repeal as any subsequent district meeting may deem it proper to make. INTERESTING FACTS FROM 1845
16. That no officer of this district other than the Collector shall be entitled to any pay for his official services.
B. H. Moore, Clerk of School District No. 1.
A public meeting was called by trustees with a view of finding whether it was proper to have a summer school. By vote of patrons it was resolved to have one.
Sheboygan, April 4, 1845.
O. N. Brooks, Clerk.
J. L. Moore in the Chair.
Whereupon the meeting adjourned.

At an annual meeting of the legal voters of District No. 1 in Sheboygan, J. L. Moore was appointed moderator, the Clerk being absent the meeting adjourned to Friday evening, October 31, 1845.
October 31, 1845. Meeting commenced according to adjournment. D. Wheeler called to the chair, upon which the meeting proceeded to elect Stephen Wolverton, D. Wheeler and G. W. Lee, trustees; George H. Smith, clerk, and Warren Smith, collector, for the ensuing year, after which the meeting adjourned to the first Monday in September next.
O. N. Brooks, Clerk.

A list of the parents, patrons and scholars between the ages of four and sixteen years of age in school district No. 1 in the town and county of Sheboygan.

PARENTS AND PATRONS
Stephen Wolverton, J. L. Moore, L. C. House, W. W. Kellogg, Joel L. Day, Widow Rublee, A. H. Brooks, Barney Cook, G. A. Brown, William Compton, John Glass, William Bowen, Gay W. Lee, N. W. Brooks, Cyrus Webster, S. Roberts, John Maynard, John Russell, George H. Smith, Benjamin Welch, Uriah Ingley.

SCHOLARS
Franklin Wolverton, Charles A. Moore, Theodore L. Moore, Walter A. Moore, Donald Moore, Fanny Moore, Francis K. House, Davis R. House, Walter Kellogg, Charles Kellogg, Margaret Whitmore, Julia V. Day, Mary J. Day, Samuel Day, Frederick Campfield, Horace Rublee, Catherine Rublee, Julia E. Rublee, Americus Brooks, Adelade Brooks, John Cook, William H. Brown, Mary Jane Brown, Mary Kent, Maritta Compton, Reuben Compton, Louisa Compton, John Glass, Morton Bowen, Alma Bowen, Anna Bowen, Elijah Bowen, Catherine Reybu, Lauretta Lee, Helen Brooks, Joseph A. Webster, Ellen A. Webster, Miriam Roberts, Warren Maynard, Joseph H. Russell, Otis C. Russell, Caroline Butler, Ruth Welch, Wilbur Ingley, S. Jane Ingley, Charlotte Ingley, Rosella Ingley.

Friday evening, November 14, 1845, a meeting of the legal voters of School District No. 1 was held at the schoolhouse of said district. Stephen Wolverton was called to the chair and stated the object of the meeting; whereupon, it was resolved to have a district school. On motion of Mr. Hovey it was resolved that the Trustees be requested to employ D. C. Yosburg to teach said school. On motion the meeting adjourned to meet the first Monday evening in September, 1846. G. H. Smith, clerk.
By order of the trustees and in pursuance of public notice which was given by the clerk, a meeting of the voters of school district No. 1 was held at the schoolhouse in said district on Monday evening, March 23, 1846. Stephen Wolverton presiding as chairman, stated the object of the meeting. On motion of Mr. Preston, Mr. Wolverton and Mr. Wheeler were appointed a committee to wait on Messrs. Moore, Conklin and Farnsworth, and ascertain from them whether the old house formerly occupied as a schoolhouse could be obtained for the use of the district, and report at the next meeting. On motion the meeting adjourned one week, G. H. Smith, clerk.

Monday evening, March 30, 1846, there was a meeting of the legal voters of school district No. 1 held at the schoolhouse of said district pursuant to adjournment. The committee appointed at a previous meeting to wait on Messrs. Moore, Conklin and Farnsworth reported that the old schoolhouse could be obtained for the use of the district. On motion the trustees were instructed to make suitable repairs on said house. On motion of Esq. Kellogg the trustees were requested to have a suitable teacher to teach the district school. On motion of Mr. Lee the trustees were instructed to raise a tax sufficient to repair the schoolhouse. On motion the meeting adjcurned. G. H. Smith, clerk.

On Thursday evening, October -, 1846, the annual meeting of the electors of school district No. 1 was held at the schoolhouse of said district pursuant to public notice. The trustees reported that a tax of one hundred dollars had been levied and that the tax list was then in the hands of the collector. They also reported that repairs had been made upon the schoolhouse amounting to thirty-eight dollars. A stove had also been purchased and was to be paid for out of this tax. Asa Hovey, Daniel Brown and Stephen Wolverton were elected trustees, Robert Watterson, clerk, and Thomas Nimble, collector.
March 10, 1846, there were one hundred and four scholars between the ages of four and sixteen years in school district No. 1 in the town of Sheboygan.

In 1846-47 A. P. Davis was employed to teach school in district No. 1 for three months at $30 per month, commencing December 7, 1846. Messrs. E. Garver and Ross were employed by the trustees to furnish the school in district No. 1 with good hard wood at $2 per cord. Commencing December 7, 1846.
The following names appear in the list of scholars March 6, 1847. Elizabeth Horner, Lucy H. Brown, Rebecca Goodell, Orsemus Crocker, Phebe Goodell, Mary Kent, Joseph Kent, Sylvester B. Lyman, Theodore Lyman, David Jenkins, Mary Jenkins, Elizabeth Jenkins, Francis J. Kent, Elizabeth Ashby. In 1847 Stephen Van Arnum, D. Brainard and Robert Watterson were elected trustees, Alonzo Brooks, collector, and John Hunter, clerk. On motion of Daniel Wheeler the seventh article of the By-laws regulating the school district No. 1 was so amended that the annual meeting of the district was held thereafter the first Tuesday of September at 7 o'clock P. M.

Commencing November 22, 1847, Judson C. Crawford was engaged to teach the district school for four months at $30 per month. Miss Mary S. Callander was engaged as assistant at $2 per week, commencing December 6, 1847. February 28, 1848, a meeting was held by legal voters and on motion of Mr. McGregor it was voted that the trustees levy a tax on the property of the members of the district of $150 for the purpose of buying an addition to the schoolhouse lot and repairing the schoolhouse and paying debts already accrued in repairing the schoolhouse.

October 10, 1848, H. N. Ross (former editor of the Sheboygan Times) was engaged to teach school for four months commencing the 28th of October, at $26 per month. December 14th, Miss Ticknor was engaged to assist Mr. Ross in teaching the small scholars at $2 per week.

R. G. Prichard, E. Carver, and J. J. Brown were elected trustees, S. M. Abbott, clerk, and A. L. Crocker, collector, at a meeting of the legal voters held September 18, 1848.

The names of Nancy Goodell, Nathan Goodell, Sarah Brazleton, David Goodell, Phebe Goodell, Saphrona Weeks, William and Charlotte Farnsworth, Henry Stocks, Jr., Susan, Elizabeth and Philip Groh, Alexander Cole, George and William St. Sure, appear on the list of scholars, March, 1849. April 15, 1849, at a meeting of the trustees it was decied to call a special meeting for the purpose of raising a tax sufficient to purchase a school lot and to build a suitable schoolhouse. This meeting was called for April 27, 1849. At this meeting, on motion, it was resolved that the trustees be required to select a lot suitable for the erection of a schoolhouse, to ascertain the price of the same and also to get a plan and estimate of the best kind of schoolhouse and to report at the next meeting. The next meeting was held May 4, 1849, and the trustees reported lots No. 10 and 1 1 in the block north of the public square as most suitable for a schoolhouse. Price not ascertained. No further action was taken, as the members present had no authority to levy a tax for the purpose of building a schoolhouse and purchasing a lot. At a meeting held May 9, 1849, D. C. Vosburg was engaged to teach school at $30 per month of twenty-four days and giving him the privilege to teach five days each week. It was resolved to build a temporary addition to the schoolhouse to accommodate the small scholars and also to engage a female teacher to take charge of the same. Resolved that school commence May 14th. August 9, 1849, Miss S. Tuttle was engaged to take charge of the small scholars at $2.50 per week. At the meeting held that date each of the trustees reported that they had upon several occasions visited the school and thought it was prospering.

September 24, 1849, the following officers were elected for the year: A. L. Weeks, director; H. Lyman, clerk; R. G. Prichard, treasurer. November 16, 1849, Margaret Grant was engaged to assist D. C. Vosburg at $3 per week. G. W. Hazelton was also employed to teach school in the basement of the Baptist church at $25 per month, commencing the 19th day of November and to continue until the 1st day of April, 1850.

September 30, 1850, the following officers were elected: A. L. Weeks, director; F. Bishop, treasurer; A. L. Crocker, clerk. The board decided to employ one male and three female teachers for four months, commencing October 14, 1850. The board agreed further that A. L. Weeks should repair the old school building and also rearrange the seats in the basement of the Baptist meeting house the ensuing week preparatory for the school.

The following were elected for one year as members of the board, September 29, 1851: Francis Bishop, director; Warren Smith, treasurer; Willard B. Darling, clerk.
September 27, 1852, the board elected was as follows: F. J. Mills, director; C. E. Morris, clerk; E. Gilman, treasurer.

September 26, 1853, A. Van Arnum was elected director; Edward Gilman, treasurer; Charles Whittlesey, clerk. It was resolved at this meeting that the officers of school district No. 1, Sheboygan city, be authorized and directed to raise by tax on the taxable property of said district the sum of $5,000 for the purpose of purchasing a site for a schoolhouse and to build a suitable schoolhouse thereon, and it was further resolved that the said officers be authorized to purchase said site for the schoolhouse from vacant lots in block 104, 128, 76, 95 or 75, in said district, or such other location as may be thought best.

September 25, 1854, the following officers were chosen: Samuel Camp, director; W. W. King, treasurer; Charles Meyer, clerk.

September 24, 1855, the following board were elected: E. M. McGraw, director; Charles Zaegel, clerk; Warren Smith, treasurer.

September 29, 1856, the following board was elected: David Taylor, director; F. R. Townsend, clerk; K. Guck, treasurer.

The exact date of the building of the Union school cannot be found but according to the following extracts it probably was built some time during the year 1856.

The building committee, consisting of Messrs. Farnsworth, McGraw, Dr. Brown, Coffrin and Charles Zaegel met March 15, 1856, in the old schoolhouse and agreed to have bought by A. L. Weeks the furniture for the new school building and also to allow him the sum of $50, traveling fees to Boston. Further resolved to set trees in front of the new schoolhouse, and Dr. Brown was requested to undertake it.

July 1, 1856. Building committee met. Present: Farnsworth, Brown and Zaegel. Resolved to have the doors and panel work in the schoolhouse grained and the yard graded according to a plan shown by Mr. Weeks.
Charles Zaegel.
September 26, 1856. The school board, director, treasurer and clerk met on the ground of the new schoolhouse with A. L. Weeks, builder of the house, and after viewing all the work done on said lot as shown by Mr. Weeks, approved the same and accepted it as done according to the contract. Resolved thereafter to give Mr. Weeks a copy of these proceedings.
Charles Zaegel.

May 13, 1857. Commissioners of schools met and organized and the following officers were elected: J. H. Gibbs, president; William Taylor, secretary; Kasper Guck, treasurer. The following teachers were appointed: D. J. Holmes, principal school district No. 1; Miss N. M. Fraser, at a salary of $8 per week; Miss Harriet Wheeler, $5 per week; Miss Breed, at $5 per week; Miss Elizabeth Mather, $4 per week.
On motion William Taylor was directed to call on the old school board for all books and papers in their hands belonging to the district. It was also resolved that the regular monthly meetings of the board of school commissioners be held at the store of Kasper Guck on the last Thursday of each and every month at 7 o'clock P. M.

The first teacher of German was employed July 1, 1857, at the rate of $5 per week, his services to commence the 6th day of July, 1857. No scholar was allowed to receive German instruction unless he also received English instruction at the same school.

August 27, 1857, J. H. Holmes was appointed principal of the Sheboygan high school for the coming year at a salary of $1,000 per year of forty-four weeks, payable monthly. Miss L. S. Breed was appointed assistant at a salary of $6 per week, Miss Brooks assistant at $4 per week, and Miss Bissel at a salary of $7 per week. It was also decided to have the first term begin on Monday, the 7th of September, 1857. At a meeting held September 28, 1857, was resolved that the school commissioners be requested to rent a school room in the third ward and also in the northern part of the first ward and provide teachers for the same. May 4, 1858, the following board was elected: William Taylor, chairman; Kasper Guck, treasurer; H. N. Ross, secretary. The following teachers were employed: Miss S. M. Warner, Miss Harriet Hale, Miss Rosetta A. Pendelton, Miss Lucy S. Breed, Miss Lucinda S. Darling, Miss Helen McGregor, Miss Mary E. Wright, G. D. Fraser, Mrs. L. M. Fraser, Miss Amanda Cook, Miss Elizabeth Brooks.
In 1858 Godfrey Stamm was elected for three years to succeed Kasper Guck. The following new teachers were employed: Rev. J. B. Pradt, Miss Eliza Lundegreen, Miss Isabella McLaren, Miss Mary Darby, Miss Carrie Kellog.

It was moved and carried that the meeting approve the action of the commissioners in establishing a German class and that such class be conducted in the most economical manner. In 1860 A. Marschner was chairman of the board and H. N. Ross, secretary. Among the voters present at this meeting were Messrs. Conrad Krez, Michael Grasser, Godfrey Stamm, Dr. J. J. Brown, C. W. Ellis, S. U. Hamilton, Bille Williams. September 30. 1861, Edward Gilman was elected chairman of the board and Mr. Ellis, secretary. Among voters present were Messrs. J. H. Jones, J. H. Mead, C. G. Meyer, H. N. Ross.
May 3, 1863, Louis Bock was elected president of the board, B. Williams, secretary, and August Pott, treasurer. April 21, 1865, the following officers were elected: Louis Bock, president; A. Mahlendorf, treasurer; J. H. Mead, secretary.

The following are some of the names that appear in the teachers' list: Miss Alice Cole, Miss Libbie Ashby, Miss Sarah Mather, Miss Clara Moore, and August Pott, teacher of German.
Dr. Louis Bock and A. Mahlendorf resigned their positions on the board, January 6, 1866. A. Marschner was appointed president of the school board; J. B. Cole, treasurer; and J. H. Mead, secretary.
April 19, 1866, the board was reorganized by appointing G. Stamm president; J. H. Mead, treasurer; and A. Marschner, clerk. Among the teachers on the list at this time were: D. L. Gaylord, Miss Josephine Kent, Miss Lina Hahn, Miss Delia Griffith, Miss Mary Jenkins.

The following is a list of the teachers that were employed July 1, 1870: High school, H. A. Gaylord; assistant, Ellen G. Weeks; grammar department, F. Lundegreen; assistant, Agnes Cassidy; first intermediate, Sarah Fairweather; assistant, Mary Cole; second intermediate, Matilda Brown; assistant, Lottie Keith; first primary, Mary A. Packard; assistant, Ruthie Edwards; fourth ward, W. Wilok; assistant, Tony Liebscher; third ward, A. K. Knowles; assistant, E. A. Martin; German, Lizzie von Kaas. In 1871 and 1872 additional names appeared on the teachers' list: Lillian Ross, Josie Stoakes, M. McClements, Lizzie Stamm, Anna Mahlendorf, Mary Griffith, A. D. Bradford, Ella Meyers, Mary Jenkins, Grace White and Hedwig Braasch.

SCHOOL BUILDINGS
In 1884 the Second Ward school, then the high school, which was opened in 1856, was built on the lot adjoining the Union school. It was necessary to have another schoolhouse, as the one room which was rented from the Methodist church and the Unitarian church building were overcrowded and the board had been obliged to limit the time of attendance in these buildings for one year to one-half day for each pupil instead of an entire day. In 1885 the present Sixth Ward school building on the corner of South Fourteenth street and Maryland avenue, was built, as the room rented for school purposes and which was afterward used as a drug store by Dr. William F. Tifft, was too small to accommodate all the pupils west of the river. There were at this time five school buildings in the city, namely: the Union school, on Niagara avenue, between Seventh and Eighth street; the high school, or Second Ward school, on the corner of Niagara and North Seventh street; the Third Ward school, a two-room building, which is at the present time the Fourth Ward kindergarten, on South Eighth street; the Fourth Ward school, a two-room building which is now the Eighth Ward kindergarten, on Huron avenue; and the Fifth Ward school, which is the present Sixth Ward school, on South Fourteenth street and Maryland avenue.
In the fall of 1887, the present three-story brick building in the Eighth ward on the corner of North Twelfth street and Huron avenue, was erected. June 25, 1888, it was moved and carried to establish a kindergarten in the Eighth ward and that such a department be established the following fall. The kindergarten department occupies the small brick building next to the main building and this small building was the first school building in the Eighth ward.

In 1891 the main building of the Fourth ward on the corner of South Ninth street and Georgia avenue was completed and all pupils were accommodated with the exception of the kindergarten pupils, which department occupies the old school building, a block north of the main building.

The First Ward school, on the corner of Grand avenue and North Sixth street, was opened in the fall of 1893. In 1895 three rooms were fitted up in the attic of the Second Ward school, to be used as laboratories for high school use. The following year, 1896, the Seventh Ward school building on the corner of Mehrtens avenue and North Fifteenth street, was completed and opened in September. In the fall of 1899 tne new school building in the Fifth ward, on the corner of Broadway and South Fourteenth street, was opened, as the school buildings in the adjoining wards were not large enough to accommodate all the school children south and west of the river. When this building was completed there was a school building in every ward with the exception of the Third ward, and the question of a new high school building in the Third ward was then being discussed, as the Second ward building was too small to accommodate all the high school students. This new high school building was erected in 1900 and opened in January, 1901. It is situated on the corner of Jefferson avenue and North Ninth street. This is used for the high school only.

INTRODUCTION OF VARIOUS BRANCHES
In 1886 the first public school kindergarten was introduced in the Union, now Second Ward school. For a year or two this department was conducted under the name of sub-primary, as the name kindergarten seemed to carry too much of the play and no work idea with it. However, this movement was at once enthusiastically accepted by the public, and the progressive attitude of the board was thus given full appreciation. In 1888 a kindergarten was opened in the Eighth Ward school, and from that time on no new school was organized without making provisions for the establishment of a first class kindergarten, so that for the past six years we have had seven kindergartens, one in each school. The kindergartens are at present presided over by a supervisor of kindergartens, who also carries on a training schools for cadets.

The teaching of German was introduced as early as 1857 and has been maintained as a part of the course of study to the present time, so that now a supervisor of German is employed to plan and organize the work carried on by five special teachers.

Music received proper attention at an early date. It was directed and taught for many years by special teachers and has received the attention which its importance demands. At present it is directed by a supervisor and an assistant, in a highly efficient manner.

In 1903 and 1904 the board made careful investigations in regard to manual training, and instructed the superintendent to visit a number of city school systems where manual training had been introduced and carried on, to obtain plans and methods best adapted for introducing that branch of study in our schools. In the summer of 1904 by unanimous vote of the board, manual training was made a part . of the school curriculum, and a supervisor was engaged to introduce and teach the subject.
Drawing was made a part of the course of study many years ago and was taught by the regular teachers, according to some system of books. The board of education and the supervisory officers realized that too much copy work was done in this way and that it was necessary to teach that subject from a broader point of view. It was therefore decided to engage a supervisor of drawing, under whose directions this work has been carried on for the past ten years.

It will be seen from these brief statements that the school authorities have always been progressive and have been supported by the public and the city council in the erection of good school buildings, in providing equipment and in carrying out a course of study which is second to none and which offers the best educational opportunities to the children of Sheboygan.

The school buildings are now graced by names of eminent men of the name, which appear more pleasing to the eye and fall more pleasantly upon the ear than designating them by the number of the ward in which the school is located.

In the fall of 1912, a handsome, commodious and modernly equipped building, known as the Washington school, was finished and ready for the school year of 1912-13. The structure is of red brick, stone trimmings and has twelve rooms. These will be occupied by pupils from the kindergarten on up to the eighth grade. The cost of this worthy addition to the city's group of school buildings was $45,000.

SUPERINTENDENTS
1870, A. Mahlendorf; 1871, Dr. Louis Bock; 1872, Godfrey Stamm; 1873, M. C. Kimball; 1874-75, J. H. Plath; 1876-77, W. C. Tillson; 1878-79. Joseph Bast; 1880, James Bell; 1811-85, L. D. Harvey; 1886, A. W. Pott and George Heller; 1887-88, George Heller; 1889-90. A. C. Prescott, 1891-98, George Heller; 1899-H. F. Leverenz.

SHEBOYGAN LODGE, NO. II, A. F. & A. M.
The Sheboygan lodge of Masons was chartered and organized May 29, 1847, but Harmony Chapter, No. 10, R. A. M., preceded it, having been organized in 1845 with six charter members. The fraternity grew in numbers as the years went by and today its roster contains at least 200 names. The first quarters of the lodge were in a small building on Pennsylvania avenue and later they were moved to the building now occupied by the Herald. The next place of meeting was on the corner of Pennsylvania avenue and from there the lodge was comfortably established in the third story of the Zaegel block and remained there until 1909. when a permanent home, the Townsend residence, on the corner of Seventh and Niagara streets was occupied by the lodge, and in May of that year, the beautifully remodeled structure was dedicated.

SHEBOYGAN CHAPTER, NO. 139, ORDER OF THE EASTERN STAR
has been in existence for several years and meets the second and fourth Thursday of the month in Masonic Hall.

SHEBOYGAN LODGE, NO. 299, BENEVOLENT PROTECTIVE ORDER OF ELKS
The above named fraternal order was organized in 1895. The charter members were A. Mahlendorf, F. Roenitz, G. B. Mattoon, J. R. Riess, Frank Geele, G. Schrage, F. Benfey, G. Huette, O. Foeste, H. Imig, L. Roenitz, J. End, O. Neumeister, H. Roenitz, E. Mattoon, W. G. End, F. Thayer, O. Trowbridge, H. Thomas, A. Pfister, J. A. Winter, G. Hart, R. Whitehall, O. Ballshnieder, O. B. Bock, Theodore Benfey, P. Koehn, W. Kowalke, Theo. Zschetzsche, A. Boales. The first officials were: Exalted ruler, R. L. Whitehill; esteemed leading knight, O. B. Bock; esteemed loyal knight, H. F. Roenitz; lecturing knight, J. A. Winter; secretary, A. Pfister; treasurer, A. Mahlendorf, esquire, John R. Riess; tyler, W. G. End; chaplain, A. Boales; inner guard, R. G. Hayssen.

The first home of the club was in the Geele block, where it remained until early in 1909, when the organization took possession of a beautiful club house of its own, a remodeled residence property on the corner of Wisconsin and Seventh streets.

SHEBOYGAN LODGE, NO. 13, I. O. O. F.
was organized December 14, 1846, and is one of the oldest fraternal bodies in the state. The charter members and officers were: I. B. Rice, Stephan A. Call, Samuel Clinton, I. B. Farnsworth, Eli Shouler, E. P. Eaton, H. C. Hobart, F. G. Peabody, Moses D. Chapman, George H. Smith and J. T. Kingsbury. Officers: N. G., H. C. Hobart; V. G., F. G. Peabody; Sec., George H. Smith. Through stress of circumstances, however, the charter was temporarily surrendered July 9, 1855, and the Civil war later calling for many of the members, the lodge was practically disrupted. At the time of the lapsing of the charter Alvin Driver was noble grand and C. B. Grinnell was secretary.

In 1877 interest in the rehabilitation of the lodge grew to such an extent that application was made to the grand lodge for reinstatement and on July 23, 1877, the lodge was reorganized under its old number and name, with the following charter members: M. D. Hotchkiss, William Elwell, H. N. Ross, John Laing, N. W. Kilton. The lodge is now in good standing, is financially secure and has a membership of 82. The lodge rooms are in the third story of the Geele block. Present officers: N. G., Fred Kneevers; V. G., Edward Kempf; Sec., William Mayberry; Fin. Sec., Barney Steinpass; Treas., Con Vanderjacht.

ROBERT BLOW LODGE OF REBEKAH, NO. 138
was organized March 11, 1902, and was named in honor of Rev. Robert Blow, a minister of the Grace Episcopal church for twenty-eight years, and who died February 12, 1890. The following were the charter members: Mrs. Elenor Sonneman, Miss Emma Kirst, Miss Annie Schneider, Mrs. Louisa Fisher, Mrs. Sophia Schlyter, Mrs. Viola Whiffen, Mrs. Clara Peterson, Mrs. Elizabeth Gunderson, Mrs. Ella Payne, Mrs. Harriet Briggs, Mrs. Minnie Fairweather, Mrs. Katie Zierath, Mrs. Minnie Anderson. The first officers elected were: N. G., Viola Whiffen; V. G., Elizabeth Gunderson; Sec., Louisa Fisher; Fin. Sec., Elenor Sonneman; Treas., Annie Schneider; Con., Clara Peterson; Warden, Harriet Briggs; O. G., W. C. Fairweather; I. G., Emma Kirst; R. S. N. G., Andrew Whiffen; L. S. N. G., Minnie Fairweather; R. S. V. G., Katie Zierath; L. S. V. G" Ella Payne; Chaplain, Minnie Anderson.
The present officials are: N. G., Minnie Giesman; V. G., Amanda Giesman; Sec., Elinore Olson; Fin. Sec., May Baker; Treas., Blanche Sonneman. The membership is 50.

SCHILLER LODGE, NO. 68, I. O. O. F.
was chartered and organized May 26, 1853, and had for its first officers William Reichal, William Kaestner, Charles Meyer, Kasper Guck, and John Hauenstein. The lodge now has a membership of over one hundred. The present officials are: N. G., W. Blatzer; V. G., E. Schetzer; R. S., Charles Festerling; F. S., Otto Beinemann; Treas., J. Kraus.

EVERGREEN ENCAMPMENT, NO. 41
was organized January 18, 1871, by Carl Zillier, J. Weiskopf, D. F. Krumdick, H. F. Piderit, L. A. Descombes, Theodore Roeder and O. W. Meyer. Present officers: C. P.. Ph. H. Schneider; H. P. Louis Olson; S. W., B. Fairweather; J. W., J. E. Wetzel; Scribe, Otto Beinemann; Treas., J. Kraus.

GERMANIA LODGE OF REBEKAH, NO. 100.
was organized June 6, 1876, with twenty-five members. Officers for 1912 are: N. G., Lena Bandle; V. G., Lena Schmidt; R. S., Elfrieda Schmidt; F. S., Minnie Beinemann; Treas., Antonia Poethig.

CHAIR CITY CAMP, MODERN WOODMEN OF AMERICA, NO. 2322
was organized June I, 1894, with the following charter members: M. J. Lynch, Frank L. Bessinger, George W. Brown, J. Cooper, F. E. Fairchild, W. Waechter, August Ortmeier, G. Fitzgibbon, E. J. Kempf, H. F. Klotsch, William Meyer, C. H. Maurer. A. G. Roth, C. H. Ryan, F. C. Runge, Hans Scheer, John Wilson, E. J. Zufelt, Dr. A. Genter.

The lodge is one of the strongest in the state and now has 260 members. The officers for 1912 are: P. C, H. A. Arpke; V. C, L. L. Lebermann; W. A., H. G. Brueckbauer; E. B., L. C. Tasche; Clk., E. J. Kempf; Escort, Ed Tousley; Phy., H. G. Brueckbauer; Trus., Henry Kohlhagen, C. Pepper, E. L. Slyfield.

SHEBOYGAN AERIE, NO. 277, FRATERNAL ORDER OF EAGLES
The Eagles have the strongest fraternal order in the county. Their aerie was organized November 13, 1902, with about fifty charter members. Their past worthy presidents are as follows: C. O. Fairweather, Theo. Benfey, T. M. Bowler, Edward Voigt, H. W. Ullrich, August Scheck, Charles Pepper and Ed. P. Oehler. The present officials are: Worthy president, A. P. Croghan; worthy vice president, W. M. Root; worthy chaplain, A. H. Friese; secretary, F. Giesman; treasurer, L. C. Meyer; conductor, Henry Roessing; inside guard, W. Koglin; outside guard, E. Allbright; trustees, A. L. Theumler, Val Herman, E. L. Baldwin; physician, Dr. G. W. Crosby. The membership now numbers 500.
On April 18th, 1908, ground was broken for an Eagles' hall and on the night of October 17, 1908, the building was dedicated and the event terminated with a grand ball, the receipts from which amounted to $3,000. Bonds had been issued to the amount of $20,000 to defray the cost of the building, but before the structure was completed $35,000 had been expended. The building committee was composed of Theo. Fleischer, Jacob Schlicht, T. M. Bowler, Edward Voigt, Theo. Benfey, Douglas E. Meyer, Edward Koellmer and A. L. Thuemler. The splendid building, which adjoins the Opera House on New York avenue, is a fitting monument to the fine taste and business capacity of the committee.

SHEBOYGAN LODGE, NO. 8l, KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS
Although one of the late ones to be attached to the galaxy of fraternal orders of Sheboygan, the Knights of Pythias ranks high, both in standing, membership and prosperity. The lodge was instituted June 12, 1890, with the following charter members and officers: W. S. Elwell, C. W. Nelson, A. Mahlendorf, W. D. Cockburn, W. C. Cole, W. H. Waechter, Carroll Quimby, P. Peacock, C. H. Keyes, F. H. Denison, W. H. Johnson, Ed. Peacock, H. Halverson, F. C. Pagan, Jacob Schlicht, J. A. Neill, O. H. Clarke, Jacob Imig, George C. Hart. Officers: P. C, F. C. Pagan; C. C, C. H. Keyes; V. C, W. S. Elwell; M. of F" W. D. Cockburn; K. of R. & S., W. H. Burk; M. at A., J. A. Neill; I. G., Jacob Imig; O. G., W. H. Waechter. The officers for 1912 are: C. C, Otto Koch; V. C, Charles Bub; P., G. F. Honold; M. of W., Oscar L. Wolters; K. of R. S., W. H. Burk; M. of F., Oscar T. Schmidt; M. of E., M. L. Brinkman; M. at A., David E. Jones; I. G., A. J. Merget; O. G, Delmar E. Brown.
The members of this lodge take an active interest in its well being and growth and at this time the membership numbers about 225. Efforts are always for the benefit of the lodge socially, fraternally and financially. There is a Pythian orchestra to entertain, and a reading room, where the members can discuss the best literature produced by leading magazines. A distinction, in which the local lodge takes great pride, is that of hav1ng the head officer of the grand lodge at Sheboygan-Grand Chancellor R. I. Warner, proprietor of the Grand Hotel.

THE WOMAN'S CLUB
This society was organized in Sheboygan in 1892 and was first known as the Columbian Club and its membership was limited to 25. Its object was to study topics concerning the World's Fair which was later to be held in Chicago. In 1900 the membership was increased to 75, and in 1908 it was enlarged to 100, while in 1910, the number was increased to 125, which is the present membership. In about a year after the organization of the club the name was changed to The Woman's Club, having for its chief object "the intellectual culture and practical improvement of its members." At first the meetings were held at the homes of the members of the club, then for a time at the Foeste Hotel, while still later the meetings were held in the parlors of the Congregational church. Since the erection of the Carneg1e Public Library, of which the Woman's Club was the prime mover, they have met in a room especially arranged for the purpose. The club purchases many valuable books for study in its meetings, which are afterward donated to the library. The first presiding officer was Mrs. Nellie S. Mattoon. The present officers are: Mrs. Fred Koehn, president; first vice president, Mrs. John Lyke; second vice president, Mrs. J. W. Hansen; secretary, Mrs. E. J. Barrett; corresponding secretary, Mrs. F. H. Denison; treasurer, Mrs. W. J. Hoehle. The club meets once a week from the 1st of October to the 1st of April.

CONCORDIA SINGING SOCIETY
February 9, 1860, the Concordia Singing Society was organized in Sheboygan, and February 9, 1910, its golden jubilee was celebrated. Its origin and its existence for a half century are due to the Germans' love of song. Shakespeare did not have them in mind when he wrote:
"The man that hath no music in himself,
Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, strategems and spoils."

Despite their love of song and their enthusiasm in keeping alive the melodies of the "fatherland," it was not always easy to keep up their organization, especially during the first several years. The great Civil war was in progress and the American people had little time for pleasure had they been much disposed to have. The Concordia Society, however, never lost its identity. It gave its first concert in October, 1861, and the audience was so well pleased that the members were encouraged to continue. Its next appearance was at Howard's Grove in the spring of 1862, and gained the society new laurels.
At the close of the rebellion in 1865, William Nehrlich was chosen director, and the society took another start. It was not until 1873 that several ladies joined the society, and the following year the mixed chorus gave a concert, which proved a marked success.

May 24, 1887, John Schmidt succeeded Mr. Nehrlich as director, and was himself succeeded by Professor Theodore Winkler, December 24, 1893. Of the directors all survive but Mr. Kroehnke, who served the society from its organization until 1865.

Its first own place of meeting was provided in 1874, and on June 27th of that year was first used for that purpose. It possessed no such qualities as elegance, convenience or commodiousness. It was, indeed, rather a plain and crude structure. It was, moreover, unsuited for public entertainments. The need of something better was soon seriously felt and Concordia Hall was built on Ontario street, between Seventh and Eighth.

The society has grown from year to year and with its growth in numbers, interest has increased. At the annual concerts held by the society, Sheboygan has been made familiar with many of the best German songs and literary works, and thus has the society done much to cultivate a taste for good music.
In 1887 the Concordia Society became a member of the Northwestern Saengerbund and has continued its membership in that organization ever since. Two Saengerfests of the Eastern Wisconsin circuit have been held in Sheboygan, the first in 1892 and the second in 1905.

SHEBOYGAN TURNVEREIN
The Turnverein was organized at Sheboygan in 1854, and in 1904 the society held its golden jubilee, with exercises and festivities of various kinds. There is some contention, however, as to the exact date of the society's birth, certain members holding out for the year 1853, but on the old standard of the society is embroidered the year 1854, so that year takes the preference.

During the late '40s and the beginning of the '50s a great number of liberty-loving Germans immigrated to America, expatriated by reason of political conditions then existing in the fatherland. They sought points of contact where they might exchange views and foster their ideals and for this purpose the first turnvereins were founded, many of them coming into existence in the first half of the '50s. Regarding the original founders of the Turnverein, Mrs. Marie Kemper, of Milwaukee, only daughter of Ernest W. Schlichting, the so-called bush king says that it was Johanna Schlichting, a daughter of Reinhard Schlichting, and a sister of Herman Schlichting, one of the founders, presented the standard, to which reference has been made, to the Sheboygan herein. Herman Schlichting still lives in Houghton, Michigan, but his sister is long since deceased. Among the active members in 1855 were John Plath, von der Beck, Herman Eschenbury, Otto Zwictusch, Christian Reich, Anton Blocki and Herman Schlichting.
The followers of "Father Jahn" were forced during the first years to hold their "meets" in the open air and readily received permission of the village board to use the public square. In this square in the summer of 1855 was duly and solemnly presented the society's emblem. After the verein was firmly established it became a member of the great North American Turnerbund.

For several years the public square served as the turner hall, but through the enterprise of members of the society $600 was raised and for that amount the property of the late August Pott, Sr., corner of Michigan avenue and North Seventh street, was purchased, with the object in view of erecting a turner hall there. This project, however, was not consummated and was later abandoned. During this time, however, a large hall was added to the Blocki Hotel, which was used by the Turners, whose membership was growing rapidly. This condition necessitated the purchasing of a lot on the corner of Jefferson avenue and North Seventh street, upon which was erected a turner hall. Some time later the property went into possession of the Kohler, Hayssen, Stehn Manufacturing Company. In time the Turners returned to their old headquarters in Blocki's Hall and some time thereafter built a hall 20x50 feet on Pennsylvania avenue between Seventh and Eighth streets. Here the Verein flourished, especially through the efforts of the old instructor, Hugo Pantzer, who later took up the practice of medicine in Indianapolis. This hall soon became too small for any unusual festivities and a larger hall was built on the corner of New York avenue and North Seventh street, which was later known as the Opera House, but the expense of keeping up the establishment was too great and the society consequently languished. It must be said, however, that nine of the members kept up their standing in the national organization and in 1885 they again engaged an instructor.

The Turnverein was incorporated in the last half of the '60s, and among the charter members were the following: William Reichel, Fritze Karste. Charles Bach, John Pantzer, Paul Weigand, George Reinold, Albert Mahlendorf, Gottfried Heyer, Ernst Lohmann, Fritz Tiedemann, Wolfgang Morgeneier, Charles Witte, John H. Plath. These names show that the Verein from the beginning was the center of German social life and there are still cited masquerades, concerts, theatricals and other entertainments, the most splendid with which even those of today hardly compare.

In 1885 occurred the reorganization of the Verein, when quite a number of Turners came together in Concordia Hall. There was Louis Wolff, chairman; J. G. Froidel, secretary; and a committee consisting of Louis Wolff, J. H. Roth, H. C. Prange, John G. Froidel and Henry Pott. The old church building at the corner of Wisconsin avenue and North Seventh street was rented and J. Henry Roth was engaged as instructor. He was succeeded by Hermann Boos, who received his training in Germany, and was engaged in 1886 to teach German and singing in the public schools. Boos was succeeded by Gustav Eckstein. It was not long after this that the present hall was erected on the corner of St. Clair avenue and North Ninth street and in 1897, by the holding of two fairs $2,700 was raised, which released the society from debt. Today the society's property is probably worth $12,000, and the Sheboygan Verein is firmly established.

MISCELLANEOUS BODIES
Like all cities with a population like Sheboygan, there are numerous fraternal bodies, kindred societies and clubs. There are so many of them that to go into their history would entail much time and call for more space in this work than can be spared. A list of them follows:

CATHOLIC KNIGHTS OF WISCONSIN
Sheboygan branch, No. 13. John D. Heck, president; Joseph Sonntag, P. B.; H. W. Trester, R. S.; Louis Sonntag, F. Sec.; J. J. Froidel, Treas.

CATHOLIC ORDER OF FORESTERS
St. Leo Court, No. 267. Otto Trilling, chief ranger; Charles Brown, secretary.

KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS
Frank J. Olle, G. K.; M. H. Hand, Dep. G. K.; J. Davey, R. Sec.; Frank Maersch, Treas.; Dr. G. E. Knauf, chancellor; J. Detling, Adv.; Rev. E. J. Meyers, chaplain.

EQUITABLE FRATERNAL UNION
Sheboygan Lodge, No. 43; Sec., E. J. Kempf.

EVERGREEN CITY GUARD VETERAN CORPS
C. A. Born, Capt.; H. W. Trester, 1st Lieut.; Otto Geussenhainer, 2d Lieut.

FORESTERS
Independent Order of Foresters, Chair City Court, No. 1185. Chief ranger, Henry L. Schuri; Rec. Sec., W. C. Roenitz; Fin. Sec., F. H. Dennison.

FRATERNAL RESERVE ASSOCIATION
Evergreen City Council, No. 78, Sec., E. J. Kempf.

KNIGHTS OF MACCABEES
Jonathan Tent, No. 16. Record keeper, E. J. Kempf. David Tent, No. 27. Record keeper, G. M. Hanson. Ladies of Maccabees Hive, No. 93. Record keeper, Mrs. E. J. Kempf. Ladies of Maccabees Unity Hive, No. 46. Record keeper, llma Schoerger Hopkins.

NATIONAL UNION.
John A. Logan Council, No. 263. Sec., Geo. Lebermann.

ORDER OF MUTUAL PROTECTION
Washington Lodge, No. 163. Sec., Frank Vollbrecht

ROYAL, ARCANUM
Oak Council, No. 509. Sec., Henry Scheele.

ROYAL NEIGHBORS
Royal Neighbors of America. Rec. Sec., Mrs. Meta Dow.

SONS OF HERMAN
Armenia Lodge, No. 26. Sec., William Gehr.
Niederwald Sister Lodge, No. 1. Sec., Mrs. William Gehr

SONS OF VETERANS
Carl Witte Camp, No 37. Sec., Delmar Brown.

LODGE N. A. S. E.
Cor. Sec., Robert Fenn.
Ladies' Auxiliary of the N. A. S. E. Sec., Mrs. Robert Edwards.

FRATERNAL ORDER OF RANGERS
Sheboygan Lodge, No. 71. Worthy Pres., George F. Dusold; V. P., Dr. George Knauf; Sec., E. L. Kausler.

UNIONS
Barbers Union, No. 631. Pres., Alfred Quasius; Sec., H. Eisold.
Central Labor Union. Sec., Gust Toepel.
Brewers Union Local, No. 277. Sec., Joseph Samner.
Cigarmakers Union, No. 323.
Gill Net and Hook Fishermen's Union, No. 657.
Retail Clerks Union.
Shoemakers Union, No. 197.
The Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers International Alliance, Local Union, No. 158.
Bairischer Ludwig's Unterstuetzungs Verein.
Crocker Aid Society.
Deutsche Gilde, No. 36.'
Dillingham Aid Society.
Deutscher Landwehr Maenner Verein. Pres., Fred Schmidt; Sec., Joseph Dluzewski.
Freier Saengerbund.
German Mutual Fire Aid Society. Sec., W. E. Zimmermann.
Germania Verein, G. U. G. Sec., Joseph Dluzewski.
Harmonie Singing Society.
Horseshoers Association.
Humane Society. Sec., E. A. Zundel.
Libertas Verein. Sec., A. Markwardt.
Liederkranz Singing Society.
Master Plumbers' Association.
Mattoon Aid Society. Treas., Charles Hoppert.
Oesterreichisch Ungarischer Franz Josephs Unterstuetzungs Verein.
Phoenix Aid Society. Sec., William Mayer.
Sheboygan Building and Loan Association. Pres., Thomas M. Blackstock; V. P., W. C. Gunther; Sec., W. C. Roenitz; Treas., H. W. Trester.
St. Boniface Society. Sec., Anton Mayer.
St. John's Young Men's Society. Sec., Al. Gottsacker.
St. Peter Claver Society. Pres., Peter Mannebach; V. P., Phil. Guenther; Cor. Sec., Alois Freihammer; Fin. Sec., Robert Vosseler; Treas., Gottlieb Kleefisch.
South Sheboygan G. U. G., No. 42. Pres., Robert Polster; Sec., A. Winkler.
South Side Branch Family Protective Association. Sec. and Treas., Max Schurrer.
Sheboygan Chair Company's Aid Society. Pres., Paul Diehl; Sec., Frank Vollbrecht.
Sheboygan Dairy Board of Trade.
Sheboygan Gun & Rod Club. Sec., A. W. Bock.
Sheboygan Laborer Mutual Aid Society. Pres., Henry Schilder; Sec., August Stahl.
Sheboygan Mutual Aid Society (Kranken Verein).
United Aid of Sheboygan, Widows' and Orphans' Benefit Fund.
Veteran Corps of Evergreen City Guard.
Vollrath Aid Society.
Arbeiter Unterstuetzungs Verein. Pres., Frank Gottsacker; Sec., Robert Vosseler.

BORN'S SANITARIAM
For many years Colonel Charles Born conducted an amusement park at the corner of Lincoln avenue and Fourteenth street. Here was laid out a beautiful private park, with rustic arbors and seats, refreshment halls, bowling alleys and other attractions. Some time ago Colonel Born bored a well on his grounds and obtained an overflowing well of sparkling water which, upon being analyzed by a practical chemist, was found to have considerable medicinal virtues. So much so in fact, that a stock company was organized, under the title of Born's Park Sanitarium, and many patients have since been treated there for rheumatism and other maladies with gratifying results. A large, commodious hotel is kept in connection with the sanitarium, and a swimming pool that is open at certain hours to the general public. The Born Sanitarium advertises Sheboygan mineral salt water baths and hot and cold treatment
for chronic diseases.

HOME OF THE FRIENDLESS
The sweetest of charities is exemplified in a substantial manner in the Home of the Friendless, an institution established by a number of Christian men and women of Sheboygan. The building is located on Ontario street, between Seventh and Eighth streets and is a commodious brick structure formerly used as a private residence. The present matron is Mrs. Helen Balkins.

INDUSTRIAL SHEBOYGAN
The manufacturing industries of Sheboygan may be said to have started with the crude sawmill, erected by William Paine in 1834, midway between Sheboygan and the Falls. Lumber was the first commercial article made and then the manufacture of shingles was but a single step further.
Since the small and very primitive beginning, mentioned above, the city of Sheboygan has attained high place among manufacturing cities, not only of the state but also the nation, for in the production of certain styles of chairs Sheboygan is the leader of all competitors. In 1868 the manufacture of chairs was begun and Sheboygan eventually acquired the soubriquet of the Chair City. She became famous as such the country over, and the civilized world for that matter, as her chairs are in universal demand. By 1891, Sheboygan was listed as a manufacturing center to be reckoned with when other industrial centers were considered. About this time some of the largest establishments in the country for the manufacture of enameled goods were founded and iron products, knit goods and various and numerous other articles began finding their way into the marts of the country from Sheboygan factories and mills. Prior to this, however, was the early establishment of the Gutsch brewery, in 1847, and the Roenitz tannery, in 1853, two industries that take front rank in their own especial field.

The American Hide & Leather Company, tanners, with factories at 702-740 North Water street, is one of the largest concerns of the kind in the country. It was established in 1853 by C. T. and William Roenitz, brothers. They had been in the United States but three years, and with a few hundred dollars saved from their wages they engaged in tanning hides, employing one man. The business increased rapidly, however, and by 1874 the tannery was turning out eight thousand hides a year. In 1875 William Roenitz died and C. T. Roenitz became sole proprietor. Frank L. and Charles H. Roenitz, sons, became associated with their father in 1881. The firm name was then known as C. T. Roenitz & Sons. Forty men were then employed and about six hundred hides turned out each week. The company was incorporated in 1888 and capitalized at $100,000. C. T. Roenitz was president: Frank L. Roenitz, vice president; Charles H. Roenitz, secretary. C. T. Roenitz died in 1892, when Frank L. Roenitz succeeded his father as president. The business so increased by 1896 that the factories were turning out about eleven hundred sides of leather per day and employing three hundred men. In that year the concern went into and formed a part of the trust known as the American Hide & Leather Company.

A short time after the Roenitz brothers started their tannery Christian Heyer began the business of tanning hides. This was in 1855. His capital amounted to $400 and on his payroll were six men. In 1859 a partnership was affected by Mr. Heyer, with Theodore Zschetzsche. Between them they had $2,000. This combination continued until 1873, when Mr. Zschetzsche retired and began business for himself, being associated with his son, Carl L. They employed about two hundred men.

In the year 1866, Adam Harsch commenced the tanning business, employing eight men, and in 1868 J. F. A. Heyn was so engaged. George End became a partner in 1873. In 1877 Adam Schneider, with ten men, was employed in tanning hides. These concerns have all disappeared, but some of them were in a way merged in the present Badger State Tanning Company. The company just named has its plant on South Water street. Its officers are: F. E. White, president; George A. Riddell, secretary and treasurer; Theodore Zschetzsche, vice president; Fred Zschetzsche, superintendent.

In 1868 Captain Watson D. Crocker, in company with the Beemis brothers, began the manufacture of chairs in a small way, under the firm name of Beemis Brothers & Crocker. This co-partnership lasted a year, when in 1869 the firm of Crocker & Bliss was established and the capacity of the plant was greatly increased. When the business was begun only two hands beside the members of the firm were employed, while the new firm gave employment to about thirty-five. In 1874 the Crocker & Bliss factory was destroyed by fire, which entailed a total loss. The firm was dissolved and in 1875 Mr. Crocker became the superintendent of the Phoenix Chair Company, with which he remained until 1880. Not discouraged by his loss, Mr. Crocker decided to organize a new company. As a result, the Crocker Chair Company was incorporated in 1880, with a capital stock of $30,000, which was increased in 1885 to $60,000, and in 1887 to $100,000. The first officers of the company were: J. H. Mead, president; J. D. Stearns, secretary; W. J. Rietow, treasurer; and W. D. Crocker, superintendent and manager. This factory is one of the largest in the state and controls two factories, "A" and "B," which cover an area of several acres of ground and gives employment to several hundred hands. Factory "A" is located at the corner of North Eighth and Virginia avenue and Factory "B" is located at the corner of Maryland avenue and South Eleventh street. The present officers are: C. W. S. Crocker, president; William J. Rietow, vice president; E. A. Zundel, secretary; W. A. Knilans, treasurer; and W. J. Hoehle, assistant secretary.
The Phoenix Chair Company is one of the oldest industries of its kind and one of the most important in Sheboygan. It was organized in May, 1875, with a capital stock of $50,000. Thomas M. Blackstock, who has long been president of the company, was one of the chief promoters of the enterprise. At the time of the organization the company gave employment to seventy-five hands. In 1888 .the capital was increased to $300,000, which has later been increased and the employees now number several hundred. The factory proper consists of the main building, 50 x 350 feet, having three "Ls" 50 x 100 feet. There is also a brick-veneered warehouse 40 x 150 feet. The buildings are all brick and five stories in height. The goods manufactured at this magnificent plant have an extensive sale and wide reputation. They are located at South Twelfth street and Virginia avenue along the tracks and near the depot of the Northwestern railroad. The present officials are: Thomas M. Blackstock, president. and manager; Francis Williams, vice president; A. C. Hahn, secretary; E. S. Voigt, treasurer.

The Sheboygan Chair Company was incorporated in 1888 and has become one of the largest concerns of its kind in the city. The plant extends from the lake front to 720 Indiana avenue. The officers are: William Braasch, president and general manager; Thomas McNeill, secretary and treasurer.
The American Manufacturing Company is another large concern, employing about two hundred hands in the manufacture of chairs. It was incorporated in 1887, with a capital stock of $60,000. Fred Koehn is president, and Henry Koehn, superintendent.

The George Spratt Chair manufactory is at the foot of South Sixth street. George Spratt, the proprietor, commenced this industry in 1891. The business has kept pace with the growth of the city since that time and a large number of hands is employed to meet the orders that tax the capacity of the factory.
The Frost Veneer Seating Company was incorporated in 1884, with a capital stock of $200,000. It employs several hundred men. The factory is at 11 South Water street. George E. Frost was president of the corporation up to the time of his death in April, 1912. C. A. Knudson is secretary and treasurer; W. C. Calhoun, manager. This concern manufactures railway and depot seating, settees and stock of various kinds.

G. B. Mattoon in 1881 employed about fifteen men in the manufacture of furniture. The business increased so rapidly that a corporation was organized under the title of the Mattoon Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $300,000, which was afterwards increased to $500,000. They employed about six hundred hands. Upon the death of George B. Mattoon, which occurred some four or five years ago, the company was reorganized under the style name and title of the Northern Furniture Company, whose present officials are: G. Huette, president; E. E. Pantzer, vice president; George J. Posson, treasurer; Carroll Quimby, secretary. The factories are at the corner of New Jersey avenue and South Water street.

The Sheboygan Novelty Company was incorporated in 1890 with a capital stock of $30,000. The chief products of the concern are bookcases and cabinets. About seventy-five hands are given employment. The officers are: W. S. Piper, president; A. S. Freyberg, vice president; A. F. Piper, secretary and treasurer; A. Freyberg, manager. The shops are located on Pennsylvania avenue between Fourth and Fifth streets.

The Dillingham Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1889 and capitalized at $100,000. It specializes in refrigerators and cabinets. From one hundred and fifty to two hundred hands are employed. The establishment is on the corner of Wisconsin avenue and South Water street. The officers are: A. D. Barrows, president; Otis H. Clark, vice president; Harry Barrows, manager.

The M. Winter Lumber Company is a large concern that manufactures office fixtures and interior wood work. The offices are located at 401 North Eighth street. This company was incorporated in 1890, with a capital stock of $100,000, and employs a large force of men.

The H. G. Mueller Manufacturing Company is located at the corner of North Sixth and East Water streets. It was incorporated in 1898, with a capital stock of $32,000. This concern deals in lumber and manufactures woodenware.

The Advance Furniture Company, located in Lyman's addition, the Art Furniture Company, Lyman's addition, and the American Parlor Frame Company, South Water street, should be added to the list of industrial concerns making Sheboygan so widely known.

The Garton Toy Company was incorporated in 1887 and capitalized at $50,000. This is one of the important manufacturing concerns of this city and employs probably three hundred hands, in the manufacture of toys, children's express wagons, sleighs and the like. The officials are: E. B. Garton, president; Clarence E. Garton, vice president and manager; R. L. Whitehill, secretary and treasurer. The factory is at the corner of North Water street and Niagara avenue.

The enameling of iron ware has become a great industry of Sheboygan and the one to whom all credit is due for its inception at this place is Jacob J. Vollrath, a native of Germany, who settled in the city of Sheboygan in 1853, at which time he formed a partnership with the firm of Boehmer & Marling, for the manufacture of agricultural implements, which continued about two years. The following three years he was building steam engines in company with others but through the dishonesty of a partner he lost the fruits of former years of toil and saving. It was not long, however, before he was again manufacturing farm implements, having formed a company, the firm name of which was Vollrath, Blocki & Company. In 1874 Mr. Vollrath began the manufacture of enameled ware and to him is given the distinction of being the first to invent the gray enameling. Through his invention of this process and his manufactured products he gained a world wide reputation. The business grew rapidly from the start and in 1884 a stock company was formed, known as the Jacob J. Vollrath Manufacturing Company. An immense plant was built at the corner of Michigan avenue and North Sixth street, where at least two hundred hands have been employed. The company secured a large tract of land at North Eighteenth street between Superior and Erie avenues, contiguous to the Northwestern railroad, where it put up large buildings and to which locality the company anticipates within a short time moving its buildings from the Michigan avenue site, as the ground there is more valuable for residence purposes and too far from the railroad. The officials are: C. A. W. Vollrath, president; W. J. Kohler, vice president; F. S. Morris, treasurer; D. F. Riess, secretary.

The Porcelain & Enameling Association of America manufactures porcelain ware and is a company organized by the Vollraths. The factories are located at North Fifteenth street and employs a large number of men. The officers are: A. J. Vollrath, president; A. M. Vollrath, vice president; W. J. Vollrath, treasurer; and A. J. Vollrath, Jr., secretary.

John M. Kohler, founder of the J. M. Kohler Sons Company, was born in Austria and came to this country with his parents in 1854. He arrived in Sheboygan in 1871, and in 1873 started a foundry and machine shop, making agricultural implements. At the beginning a small plant was sufficient but business so increased it was found necessary to enlarge the establishment in 1883. In the same year he commenced the manufacture of enameled ware. In 1888 the Kohler, Hayssen & Stehn Manufacturing Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of $75,000, the officers being: John M. Kohler, president; H. Hayssen, vice president; A. Bachmann, secretary and treasurer. The concern is now known as the J. M. Kohler Sons Company. The present officers are: Walter J. Kohler, president and treasurer; J. B. Murphy, vice president; O. A. Kroos, secretary. The plant and offices are at Riverside.

In 1876 David S. Jenkins, with his son De Witt, opened a machine shop on ground now covered by "Factory A" of the Crocker Chair Company, the building being a small affair 30 x 60 feet. In 1880 Mr. Jenkins built the works where the business is now carried on at 301-315 North Eighth street, under the name of the Jenkins Machine Company. The plant has been improved from time to time, and equipped with the latest machinery. It is one of the best appointed establishments of the kind in the state. The products of the factory are wood-working and other machinery. In 1887 the Jenkins Machine Company was incorporated, with a capital stock of $70,000, and had for its officers David S. Jenkins, president and treasurer; and Thomas A. Long, secretary. The present officers are: William W. Wolf, vice president and manager; Thomas A. Long, secretary; M. A. Long, treasurer.

The Globe Foundry & Machine Company is an old established concern and is located at the corner of Pennsylvania avenue and Ninth street, where is manufactured machinery. The foundry was established in 1847 by E. J. Smalley and finally came into control of the late Henry Foeste.

The Optenberg Iron Works manufactures boilers and engines. The shops are on the corner of South Seventh street and Clara avenue. The officers are: J. H. Optenberg, president; William Mueller, vice president; A. Busse, secretary and treasurer.

The wagon works of J. & W. Jung and of John Balzer manufacture wagons as well as carriages, etc., and keep a number of men steadily employed the year round.

There are a large number of industries in Sheboygan but all of them cannot be given special mention. Those which should not be neglected in this regard, however, are the two large breweries which turn out a beverage that commands a large sale over a wide territory. The Gutsch Brewing Company was established by twin brothers, Leopold and Francis Gutsch, in a frame structure 40 x 60 feet and two stories in height on the northwest corner of New York and Water streets, in 1847. The business was continued under the name of Gutsch Brothers until 1878, when Francis sold his interest to Leopold. In 1885 Adolph F. Gutsch bought out his father and in 1888 the Gutsch Brewing Company was organized. The buildings of the plant are on the northeast corner of North Water street and New York avenue and since extensive repairs were made in 1912 is one of the best appointed and equipped establishments of the kind in the state.

The Gutsch brothers who established this concern were born in Baden, Germany, in 1819. They came to the United States and after working in a brewery at Cincinnati, Ohio, a year or two in 1847 came to Sheboygan. A more complete sketch of these brothers will be found in the second volume of this work.
Konrad Schreier Company, brewers and malsters, corner New Jersey avenue and South Fifteenth street, has a finely equipped and large plant in the city of Sheboygan and its beer is very popular in this section of the state. The "Edelbraeu," which is put up in bottles, is especially attractive to the lovers of this beverage. The members of this corporation are: Herman Schreier, president; Alfred P. Steffen, vice president; Konrad Testwuide, treasurer; Louis Zimmerman, secretary. The brewery was established by Konrad Schreier in 1854.

Casual mention is herein made of the Sheboygan Broom Factory at 639 South Division avenue and of Alfred Heller, 1716 South Fourth street; the A. Landreth & Company canning works, an institution of no little importance to the community, the Sheboygan Cigar Box Factory on North Ninth street, and a large number of cigar manufactories. The Excelsior Wrapper Company, 1634 Erie avenue, is a large concern, and is running to its full capacity to meet incoming orders; the Rietow Furniture Manufacturing Company, 814 North Eighth street; the Sheboygan Couch Company, corner Martin and North Eighteenth street; and the Western Furniture Company.

There is also a glove manufactory enjoying a liberal patronage, with factory on the corner of South Ninth and South Water streets. The Handknit Hosiery Company, corner Huron and North Fourteenth streets, since its establishment has increased its facilities and is established in a large brick building. The officials are: Herbert Chesebro, president and manager; L. A. Bentz, vice president; R. H. Ehaney, secretary and treasurer.

The manufacture of lime is also largely engaged in by the Sheboygan Lime Works, at their plant on the Calumet road, north of the city limits.

There are three overall and jacket manufacturing concerns: A. Holman & Son, 2118 North Fifteenth street; H. J. Holman, 1716 Calumet road; Holman Manufacturing Company, 920 Michigan avenue.
The S. W. Miller Piano Company, with factory at North Fifteenth street, turns out superior instruments.
August Kalmerton, William Galaway, George O. Trowbridge, E. S. Thorpe, Seth Morse and William Davis threw in their lot with the pioneers of this settlement. Of these only the Pecks, Richardsons, Denisons, Galaways, and Schlichtings are still represented in the community. William Prange, Sr., a native of Germany, settled in Sheboygan Falls in 1848.

John E. Thomas, a native of New York, settled in the village of Sheboygan Falls in the fall of 1849, where he engaged in merchandising. The year 1858 found him practicing law and later he became president of the Dairyman's Bank. For some time he was editor and proprietor of the Sheboygan County News. He served on the county board and for six years was a member of the state board of regents of normal schools. He was also county superintendent of schools. Mr. Thomas served his constituents in the Wisconsin assembly and also in the state senate.

These early settlers of the village were mostly of New England extraction but many of them had removed from their native state into the interior of New York generations before coming to Wisconsin. David Giddings was a second cousin of Joshua Giddings, of Ohio, of abolition fame, and the Trowbridges belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts of that name, of which J. T. Trowbridge, writer of boys' stories, became most prominent. The Denisons had ancestors in. the Mayflower and the Coles were of Revolutionary stock.

Some of those who first settled at Sheboygan Falls eventually left the village and went on farms in the town.

OPENING OF FARMS
In the early fall of 1837 Deacon William Trowbridge moved from Sheboygan and opened up a farm two miles west of the Falls. This was the first settlement outside of the village and the Deacon lived so close to the village that he was credited as being one of its earliest settlers.

In 1843 and 1844 a large number of people took up lands in the town about the Falls, several Germans coming and settling on the Green Bay' road about three miles north of the Falls on sections 13 and 14. Among them were E. Logeman, N. Heide and Levi Hubbard. Others who took up land at this period were William Whiffen, Newton Goodell, G. W. Peck, James Little, Nathan Sargent, William W. Robinson, John Atwood, Joseph Richardson, W. Mayberry, Robert Wood, John Keller, J. H. Denison, E. L. Sargent, Peter and George Mantz, R. Schlichting, Ferdinand Deiurs and John Kaestner.

On the 1st of June, 1844, Dorothy Trowbridge, wife of Deacon Trowbridge, sickened and died. This was the first death of white woman in the county, and the remains of Mrs. Trowbridge were the first to be buried at the Falls.

In 1842 a grist mill was built to take the place of the primitive one, said to be built by Colonel Stedman, and the mill stones made of granite rocks, brought here from Milwaukee and dressed by a Mr. Palmer were taken from the first mill and placed in the new one. Bolting cloth was made of book linen, and after the mill was ready for service some years elapsed before there was sufficient grain raised in the county to keep one set of stone running a fourth of the time.

Dr. Coela, physician and lawyer, settled at the Falls in 1844. He afterwards founded a settlement north of Sheboygan whose people were known as Fourierites. The doctor-lawyer was one of Fourier's great disciples m this section but his colony of the new philosophy lasted but a short time. This same year came A. T. Littlefield and Jonathan Leighton, who built a sawmill on the west side of the river.
A number of settlers arrived and located outside of the village in 1845 Among them were George Howard, who secured land on section 17, where he built a sawmill. William Whiffen first located on section 20, and afterwards on section 22. Then there were Newton Goodell and W. Peck, Illinoisans, who began to clear farms on section 29. Henry Williams located on section 29, and James Little on section 30. Nathan Sargent settled on section 26. Others who came in 1845 were August Kalmerton and William Galaway.

The high tide of immigration set in 1847, 48 and 1849, the new settlers being composed mostly of Germans, who took up a great part of the remaining government land in the town and by perseverance and industry made farms out of the unbroken wilderness that were unsurpassed by any in the county. Among them may be mentioned John Schroeder, Johannes and Henry Burkhardt and Alba C. Peacock.
No record can be found showing the date of the organization of the town of Sheboygan Falls but it is presumed it was the first town separated from the town of Sheboygan, which at the time included all of the territory within the confines of the county. The town is bounded as follows: on the north by Herman, east by Sheboygan, south by Lima and west by Plymouth. The land is well watered by the Sheboygan river, which takes its sinuous way from the northeast corner of the town diagonally across the center south through the village at the southeast corner, and thence on until it reaches Lake Michigan. The Pigeon river cuts across the northeast corner of section 1, and the Mullet river enters the town at section 31, and taking a rather irregular course, leaves the town at section 34 and empties into the Sheboygan river at section 35. The soil is very fertile and will produce in abundance almost any kind of a crop indigenous to this latitude. The raising of cattle, hogs and sheep and the making of cheese are the principal industries.

THE VILLAGE OF SHEBOYGAN FALLS
As has been before stated, the name originally given to the village was Rochester, but was rarely used, for in the early days settlers would refer to the place as the "Falls" to designate it from Sheboygan, which was referred to as the "Mouth." To obviate all difficulties the United States postal department officially changed the name to Sheboygan Falls and the legislature confirmed the change by statute the same year. Sheboygan Falls as a distinct entity dates from May 1, 1854, its separation from the town taking place that year. The first election of the newly created village was held May 1 and the number of votes cast was 47. John Keller was chosen president; George Trombull, A. Skinner, J. E. Thomas, and W. D. Kirkland, trustees; H. S. Marsh, treasurer; William H. Cole, clerk; William C. Eastwood, marshal.
The first postmaster in the village was George B. Babcock, who received his appointment September 22, 1837. On November 20, 1839, the postoffice at Sheboygan had been discontinued owing to the desertion of its inhabitants and from that time until October 25, 1844, the only postoffice in the county was at this place.

The first marriage here was that of Samuel Ashby; the first person to die was Mrs. William Trowbridge, and hers was the first burial in the town.

The first German settlement in the county was made in the town of Sheboygan Falls in 1845.

The first church to be established in the county and in the state was the Baptist. This church was organized at Sheboygan, February 11, 1838.

The Freeman was the initial newspaper at the Falls. It was started in 1851 by J. A. Smith and remained in the village a year or two, when it was moved to Fond du Lac.

Here were established the first and only woolen mills in Sheboygan county, and in 1846 Horace Trowbridge put up the first foundry in the village. It was for some years the only one in all the region between Milwaukee and Green Bay.

In 1850 a foundry was erected for the manufacture of plows and water wheels, and in 1859 the manufacture of rakes was begun by E. Quinlan. William Servis was manufacturing carriages and wagons here as early as 1854, and in 1869 H. Schumann was engaged in the same business. The Hill & Clark hub and spoke factory was in operation early in the village's history but was destroyed by fire in 1865. Joseph Osthelder was running a brewery here in the '60s, and about that time Henry Dicke's brewery was in existence. Numerous fires of destructive character occurred from 1865 to 1880. In 1887 a branch office of the German Bank of Sheboygan was opened at the Falls. In 1867 a hook and ladder company was organized and in 1869 a hand engine was purchased.

As is always the case in the building up of a new community, the thoughts of the pioneer are not fixed entirely upon the present but reach out and center upon the preparations for a future existence. Outside of the strenuous activities of the day come other things of a higher nature. The settlers gather in each other's cabins for religious services and as they grow in strength and numbers it is not long before a society is organized of some religious sect and soon a building is erected for church purposes. The Baptist congregation was the first one organized at the Falls and this was preceded by services held in the cabins by Deacon William Trowbridge. He was the first minister of the gospel in this part of Sheboygan county and made many tedious trips on foot and horseback to render the last services for the dead of his departed neighbors. He was one of the prime movers in the organization of the Baptists in 1838. Assisted with him in this endeavor were Deacon A. G. Dye, his wife, Dorothea Trowbridge, William S. Trowbridge and Sarah Cole. The organization was effected, however, while these charter members lived in Sheboygan but when they removed to Sheboygan Falls the church went with them. It is said this was the first Baptist church organized in Wisconsin. For a time Deacon Trowbridge was its chief mainstay. Elder Hitchcock was its first pastor, and Elder Lull its second. For his services the last mentioned pastor received $75 the first year. The Methodist church was organized in 1846 and the Congregational in 1849. An Episcopal church was organized some time in the early '60s and the building was erected in 1869. The people of St. Peter's Episcopal church held their first services in Free Hall. Dutch Reform and Catholic churches came later.
The industrial activities of the village began of course with the first mills. In 1858 a lath mill was attached to the Richardson sawmill, and later a planing mill became a part of the concern, which eventually developed into a chair and cheese box factory. In 1855 J. D. Gould established a tannery, which came into possession of Charles Weisse, Sr., in 1866. In 1861 William Prentice built the first woolen mills.

The village in deportment is par excellence, so that but a small police force is necessary. The streets are well lighted by electricity and while there are no paved streets, the thoroughfares are kept in good condition. Sidewalks are mostly of cement. The Fond du Lac branch of the Chicago & Northwestern railroad cuts through the village and, with the interurban, the citizens have easy egress to the outside world.

POSTMASTERS
The first person to be appointed. postmaster at this point was George D. Babcock, whose commission was dated September 25, 1837. His successor was Charles D. Cole who took up the duties of the office January 11, 1840. When the postoffice was discontinued at Sheboygan in 1839, the only postoffice in the county from that time until 1844 was at Sheboygan Falls. In the year last mentioned the office at Sheboygan was reestablished. The incumbents of this office following Charles D. Cole were: Alexander C. Mulliner, September 19, 1845; Samuel Foster, June 3, 1847; Jedediah Brown, July 12, 1847; Truman Parker, January 27, 1849; William H. Prentice, May 1, 1849; John E. Thomas, June 15, 1853; Silas Stedman, March 19, 1861; James T. Bridgeman, January 18, 1865; William H. Conner, May 23, 1867; James T. Bridgeman, June 10, 1867; E. A. Little, November 12, 1867; James T. Bridgeman, March 23, 1869; Charles A. Spencer, April 6, 1880; Joseph Osthelder, January 13, 1886; B. F. Heald, January 16, 1890; George B. Ogle, May 16, 1894; B. H. Sanford, August 8, 1898; George A. Robbins, April 24, 1908.

BANKS
The German Bank of Sheboygan Falls was established in 1874 as a branch of the German Bank of Sheboygan. Some years later it became an independent institution. It is capitalized at $25,000, has a surplus of $25,000, and its last statement showed deposits of $360,000. The officers are: Abner O. Heald, president; O. D. Ballschmider, cashier.

STATE BANK
The State Bank was organized May 18, 1910, with a capital stock of $20,000. It is practically a continuation of the former Dairyman's Bank, the first financial institution organized at the Falls. The headquarters of the bank are in the recent Dairyman's Bank building, which has recently been remodeled. The officers of the State Bank are: President, Henry Hillemann; vice president, R. P. Dassow; cashier, E. G. Roehl; assistant cashier, M. T. Hillemann.

INDUSTRIES AT THE FALLS
In 1855 George H. Brickner removed from Tiffin, Ohio, to Cascade, where he opened a general store but later he operated an ashery and flour mill and a farm. He continued in business at that place until 1868, when he bought Mr. Prentiss' half interest in the Sheboygan Falls Woolen Mills and formed a partnership with B. F. Heald, under the firm name of Brickner & Heald. That connection was continued four years, when Mr. Brickner bought Mr. Heald's interest and became sole owner of the property. He greatly extended the plant-and purchased the Riverside Mills, conducting the business alone until 1887, when he converted it into a corporation known as the Brickner Woolen Mills Company, with a capital stock of $100,000. George H. Brickner was chosen president, and his son, William Clay Brickner, treasurer. The present officers are: W. C. Brickner, president; Georgiana Hawkins, vice president; F. A. Ogle, secretary.

The plant is situated on the west bank of the Sheboygan river and adjacent to the railroad bridge. The factory is composed of fine brick buildings and is known to the trade as a six set mill, operated by water power, owned by the company. It employs a large number of people and consumes large quantities of wool. Shawls, dress goods and cassimeres are manufactured.

Sheboygan Falls is quite a stirring little manufacturing city. But a short distance from the corporation line, on the "Town line" road, is the Richardson Brothers' chair factory. The Lake Shore Canning Company employs many people in the season. There are the White Wagon Works and others; Falls Brick & Tile Company; the H. Anderson and the Elmer McKinnon cheese factories; Kerskamp Brothers' foundry; Otto Armbruster and Falls Machine Companies; Falls Stanchion Company; lime kiln and quarry of the Sheboygan Construction Company.

CHURCHES
At Sheboygan, on February 11, 1838, the first Baptist church in the state of Wisconsin was organized, with the following six charter members: William Trowbridge, A. G. Dye, William S. Trowbridge, Dorothy Trowbridge, Mary Dye and Sarah W. Cole. William S. Trowbridge was chosen clerk and William Trowbridge, deacon. The first meetings of the society were held in private houses and schoolhouses. "Deacon" Trowbridge acting as the pastor. At the time of the business depression in 1837, the few members of this church were scattered, but those remaining still held meetings at their homes. About 1839 the church was moved to Sheboygan Falls, and in 1840 Albert Rounesville and his wife Lucy, and Elvira O'Cain, afterward the wife of William S. Trowbridge, were admitted to the church by letter. Elder Hitchcock began to preach in 1845 and in that year it was voted by the members that the church be called the Sheboygan Falls Baptist church, and at the same time Sheboygan Falls was designated as the place of meeting. In 1846 J. H. Dennison and his wife Louisa, Martha Parrish and Adeline Dye were added to the church. Abner Lull became pastor May 30, 1847, and on December 12, 1850, a church edifice, built at a cost of $1,600, was dedicated. It stood just across the Northwestern tracks and was some years later moved to its present location. In 1908 the building was remodeled and new pews and furniture installed. The rolls carry the names of 110 members. The following is a list of pastors who have served the church:

Revs. Hitchcock, 1845-47; Abner Lull, 1847-57; E. W. Wilcox, 1857-58; O. Taylor, 1858-60; H. F. Knowles, 1860-62; Abner Lull, 1860-68; F. Todd, 1868-71; J. Jackson, 1871; William Roney, 1871-73; P. Work, 1873-77; H. H. Beach, 1877-81; John Churchill, 1881-85; E. E. Dresser, 1885-91; D. C. Smith, 1891-94; S. Wiltshire, 1894-95; C. T. Everett, 1895-98; E. E. Dresser, 1898-1905; F. F. Parsons, 1905 to the present.

St. Mary's Church
The first Catholic service in Sheboygan Falls was held by a priest from Sheboygan, in a private home. These visits were kept up at regular intervals for a time and were finally abolished, after which the Catholics of Sheboygan Falls were obliged to go to Sheboygan to attend service. Eventually a few made an effort to organize a society in this place and it is largely due to the efforts of G. H. Brickner that such a plan was consummated, and a church built. A frame building 68x34 feet was erected, the basement of which is used for social gatherings. The structure was completed in December, 1896, and on January 1 the first service was held by Rev. D. F. Thill, of Sheboygan. On the 24th of May, 1897, the church was dedicated by the Most Rev. Archbishop Katzer and on the 2d of July, Rev. C. F. Keyser, at that time assistant pastor of Holy Name church in Sheboygan, became the resident pastor. A pipe organ has been installed, the gift of Mr. Brickner. The membership is increasing in numbers and the church is in a prosperous condition. The present pastor is Rev. B. Salbreiter.

St. Peter's Episcopal Church
The records of this church are very meager. However, it is known that the first services by Episcopalians were held in "Free Hall," on the first Sunday after Easter in the spring of 1864, presided over by the rector of Grace Episcopal church of Sheboygan. Later services were held in the schoolhouse and then at Chamberlain's Hall. The cornerstone of the church building was laid by Bishop Kemper, June 8, 1869, and on January 16, 1870, the church was dedicated. For some years this was a mission station, being supplied in their order by Revs. J. G. McMurphy, Upjohn and R. W. Blow. The latter held services here for several years, and later the rector from Plymouth came occasionally. The present rector, Rev. N. D. Stanley, has been in charge since 1885.
The property of this parish, consisting of the frame church building, pipe organ, parsonage and two other houses, is valued at $7,000.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH
The early records of this church have been destroyed, but it is known that its organization took place in 1846, with a membership of about 30. Rev. L. S. Prescott was the first pastor. The first church building was erected in 1852.

In 1910 the church was remodeled. New stained glass were placed in the windows and a steam heating plant, electric lights and a pipe organ installed. With the parsonage the church property is valued at $11,500. The present membership is 147; Sabbath school, 150. The following pastors have succeeded L. S. Prescott: D. Lewis; M. Himebaugh, up to 1851; T. C. Golden, 1851-53; Rev. Barnes, 1853-55; M. Bennett, 1855-56; Thomas Wilcox, 1856-57; Joseph W. Anderson, 1857-58; T. O. Hollester, 1858-59; H. B. Crandel, 1859-60; H. Requa, 1860-61; A. C. Huntley, 186162; S. W. Ford, 1862-64; J. Revell, 1864-65; J. C. Robbins, 1865-67; A. A. Reed, 1867-70; C. E. Carpenter, 1870-72; I. S. Eldridge, 1872-73; C. R. Pattee, 1873-74; B. M. Fulmer, 1874-76; I. F. Boynton, 1876-78; G. F. Reynolds, 1878-81; C. D. Pillsbury, 1881-82; D. V. Teed, part of 1882; G. H. Trever, 1883-84; E. A. Wanless, 1884-85; C. Bristol, part of year 1885; W. Simmons, part of year 1886; William M. Trever, 1886-88; J. P. Beadle, 1888-89; G. W. Pratt, 1889-91; Andrew Porter, 1891-94; Thomas James, 1894-97; J. V. Trenery, 1897-1900; T. W. Sprouls, 1900-02; Charles Wentworth, 1902-05; D. H. Carmichael, 1905-06; Robert S. Ingraham, 1906-1911, and the present pastor, who took charge April 1, 1911.

DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH
The people of this church effected an organization about sixty years ago. There is now a membership of 130, and in the Sabbath school there are about 60. Connected with the church are the Christian Endeavor, Dorcas and Foreign Missionary Societies. The church building is a modest frame. The society also owns its parsonage. Rev. J. H. Tetema was the last regular pastor, who left in 1911. Since then services have been held every two or three weeks by visiting pastors.

St. Paul's German Lutheran Church
St. Paul's was organized February 23, 1861, and since then the membership has grown to about 74 families. In connection with the church is a parochial school, which has in attendance about 40 pupils. The first pastor was Rev. Edward Multanowski. His successors are the following: Revs. Frederick Ottamann, J. Hoffmann, J. M. Hieber, George Wildermuth. The latter took charge of the congregation in 1894 and is still the pastor.

FRATERNAL ORDERS JAIRUS RICHARDSON POST, NO. 12, G. A. R.
This organization of veterans of the Civil war was organized July 10, 1883. The charter members were: J. M. Hunter, T. C. Hawkins, A. T. Dean, George Spratt, H. E. Wood, J. C. O'Brien, John Arnold, W. P. Bryant, James Sims, Joseph Osthelder. As the years have gone by the ranks have become thinner and thinner until there is scarcely a corporal's guard to appear in answer to roll call at the meetings, which are held twice a month.

St. John's Lodge, No. 24, A. F. & A. M.
was organized September 6, 1849, with a membership of 10. The first officers were: Harrison C. Hobart, W. M.; L. W. Davis, S. W.; L. B. Brainard, J. W.; V. Young, S.; William Trowbridge, T.; G. H. Smith, S. D.; S. Roberts, J. D.; Thomas I. Graham, tiler. The present membership is 80, and officials are: W. M., H. P. Giddings; S. W., John E. Newhouse; J. W., P. F. Schlichting; S. D., William S. Lumsden; J. D., Dr. A. R. Lindow; Treas., H. E. Boldt; Sec., E. P. Heidenreiter; stewards, August' M. Bertram, Clair W. Bryant.

GUTTENBERG LODGE, NO. 285, I. O. O. F.
This lodge was organized June 5, 1880, with the following charter members: A. F. Meyer, D. Hemschemeyer, C. Wedepohl, Joseph Osthelder, Sr., Frank Krannich, Charles S. Weisse, August Schweitzer. The officers are: N. G. Balkins, N. G.; M. Kutzback, V. G.; Dr. R. M. Nichols, Sec.; William Kubel, Rec. Sec.; August Michael, Treas. The membership is now about twenty. Guttenberg Lodge is probably an offshoot, or the reorganization of Fidelity Lodge, No. 34, which was organized March 7, 1849, and reorganized in 1871.

FALLS CAMP, NO. 1073, M. W. A.
Falls Camp was organized in 1889 and has a membership of 101. Its venerable counsel is George Kalmerton; vice counsel, James De Smith; clerk, C. C. Meyer. Meetings are held every third Monday of the month.

RIVERSIDE CAMP, NO. 764, R. N. A.
This lodge was instituted October 5, 1897, with 22 members. The present membership numbers 47. The first Officials were: Oracle, Mrs. Ella Robbins; vice oracle, Mrs. Lizzie De Smith; recorder, Mrs. Ida Barragar; receiver, Mrs. May Showers; marshal, Mrs. Minnie Boldt. The present officials are: Oracle, Mrs. Mary Constance; vice oracle, Mrs. Edith Chase; past oracle, Mrs. Mary Riebel; recorder, Mrs. Lizzie De Smith; receiver, Mrs. Ida Barragar; chancellor, Mrs. Alice Wilson; marshal, Mrs. Sarah Melendy.

SHEBOYGAN FALLS ASSEMBLY, NO. 80, E. F. U.
The Equitable Fraternal Union was organized in 1899, with twenty charter members. There are now 220 members. The officials of this organization are: President, M. J. Deeley; vice president, T. W. Eichhorn; secretary, Joseph Osthelder; treasurer, George A. Robbins; adviser, Mrs. E. C. Gloff; warden, E. C. Gloff; sentry, Clinton E. Brown.

BEAVERS RESERVE FUND FRATERNITY, COLONY NO. 577
The Beavers lodge was organized September 9, 1909, with 85 charter members. The present membership is 11o. The charter officials were: C. F. Heald, commander; C. J. Heule, vice commander; W. C. Bryant, secretary; Otis McKinnon, treasurer. The present officials are: C. J. Heule, commander; Herman Reichert, vice commander; E. H. Granger, secretary; W. L. Piper, treasurer. The Beaver Queens of Sheboygan Falls, No. 599, an auxiliary lodge, was organized in May, 1910. There were 27 charter members, and the membership now numbers 42. The first officials were: Mrs. A. E. Cox, most worthy queen; Mrs. S. Byrum, worthy duchess; Mrs. Alice Osthelder, worthy princess; Mrs. E. Holden, past worthy duchess; Mrs. E. Holden, worthy princess; Mrs. A. E. Cox, past Miss May De Groff, queen of charity; Mrs. Hilda Granger, queen of faith; Mrs. E. Themming, queen of humanity; Mrs. Emily Fricke, queen of the home; Bessie Holden, queen Victoria; Amy Scheirk, queen Louise; Mrs. Louisa Arndt, queen Isabella; Mrs. H. Hansen, queen of love. Present officers: Mrs. Sylva Byrum, most worthy queen; Mrs. Louisa Arndt, worthy duchess; Mrs. E. Holden. worthy princess; Mrs. A. E. Cox, past worthy queen; Mrs. Hannah Granger, secretary; Mrs. Jane Pfeifer, treasurer; Mrs. Rose Patrick, queen of charity; Mrs. R. Lintner, queen of faith; Mrs. Fannie Cox, queen of humanity; Miss Edith Piper, queen of the home; Bessie Holden, queen Louise; Annie Scheirk, queen Victoria; Mrs. H. Hansen, queen Isabella; Mrs. Myrtle Ramaker, queen of love.

HISTORIC OLD SCHOOL BUILDING
An old unpainted wooden building, bearing evidence of having withstood the attacks of the storms of many years, stands in the east part of the village of Sheboygan Falls. This landmark of historic interest, erected about 1846, of the very best of the original pine timber grown in the vicinity, and probably sawed at the old mill then a few rods distant, is supposed to be the first school building erected in Sheboygan county. In early days Sheboygan Falls was the metropolis of the county, at one time leading Sheboygan in population, and it was about this period that the old school house was built. In this modest structure many of the younger people of the early settlers began and finished their school days, and doubtless many are the pleasant memories clustering around the old building and treasured by the few remaining teachers and pupils of the long ago. A number of the students and teachers who frequented this building have become prominent in the county, and some even attained national fame.

Among the latter was Hon. Horace Rublee, who was Ambassador to Switzerland at one time, but is better known in Wisconsin as the editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel, a position he filled with ability for many years. He was at one time a pupil of Samuel Rounsville of Sheboygan, and about 1851 he was a teacher in the old building that is the subject of this sketch.

---

Source: History of Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, past and present, Volume 1; By Carl Zillier, S.J. Clarke Publishing Company; Publ. 1912; Transcribed and donated by Andrea Stawski Pack.

---